Effort, success, and side of lesion determine arm choice in chronic stroke survivors with mild-to-moderate impairment

In neurotypical individuals, arm choice in reaching movements depends on expected biomechanical effort, expected success, and a handedness bias. Following a stroke, does arm choice change to account for the decreased motor performance, or does it follow a pre-injury habitual preference pattern? Participants with mild to moderate chronic stroke who were right-handed before stroke performed reaching movements in both spontaneous and forced-choice blocks, under no-time, medium-time, and fast-time constraint conditions designed to modulate reaching success. Mixed-effects logistic regression models of arm choice revealed that expected effort predicted choices. However, expected success only strongly predicted choice in left-hemiparetic individuals. In addition, reaction times decreased in left-hemiparetic individuals between the no-time and the fast-time constraint conditions but showed no changes in right-hemiparetic individuals. Finally, arm choice in the no-time constraint condition correlated with a clinical measure of spontaneous arm use for right-, but not for left-hemiparetic individuals. Our results are consistent with the view that right hemiparetic individuals show a habitual pattern of arm choice for reaching movements relatively independent of failures. In contrast, left hemiparetic individuals appear to choose their paretic left arm more optimally: that is, if a movement with the paretic arm is predicted to be not successful in the upcoming movement, the non-paretic right arm is chosen instead.

A Cognitive-Affective Approach to Foregrounding Categorical-Thematic Patterns in Popular Cinema

The article sets out to discuss disruptions of the embodied flow of movie perception triggered by foregrounded categorical-thematic patterns. First, categorical-thematic patterns are framed in a cognitive perspective and tied to categorical (or parallel) information processing as opposed schematic (sequential). I argue that the former are not prototypical of embodied movie perception and tend to be disruptive if foregrounded, as they are more prevalent in art cinema. Next, I indicate how categorical-thematic patterns may encourage a type of non-habitual pattern recognition producing a number of emotional and aesthetic effects: delight at pattern isolation, wonder emotions, emotional focus of a story theme, and intensification or modulation of global and empathetic emotions. Finally, I turn to illustrate these points using Pan’s Labyrinth, a film that systematically foregrounds categorical-thematic patterns yet naturalizes them, alleviating disruption of movie perception. This, I believe, marks an effective strategy of importing avant-garde film techniques into popular cinema.

POLA PEMUKIMAN MASA DEPAN MASYARAKAT PENGEMBARA LAUT, SUKU BAJAU

In the era of globalization, Nusantara have lost most of its identity and culture. The view of society that has experienced gentrification needs to be restored to raise the locality again. Our minds have been blinded to the standard of living, it's time for us to think again to save the remaining culture. This project is the reflection of the process that has happened, creating another option of a new habitual pattern in the future by taking the literature on the life of the Bajau people, the Sama tribe who partly still embrace their original identity, For centuries the Bajau have lived according to the wind. and ocean currents, but now they are considered as violating national borders until they were arrested 6 years ago, November 2014 because they are considered as foreign and illegal fishermen. They are persuaded and forced to settle on the mainland in order to have an identity, even though their true identity is sea nomads. The story of "The Nomad of the Ocean" was taken over to create a new narrative of their fate, a story where they, the Bajau, the Same tribe succeeded in fighting against capitalism which had not respected them all this time, and decided to return to settle in the ocean. Their identity and cultural values are still thick as lessons that can be learned to be a slap about a life that really needs to be protected. Hopefully this design will help the new generation understand the spirituality projected into the design to rediscover their interpretation of the identity of the nation in the archipelago. Keywords: Capitalism; Identity; Habitual Pattern; The Bajau; The Sea Nomads Abstrak Di era globalisasi ini, Nusantara nampaknya telah kehilangan sebagian besar identitas dan budayanya. Pandangan masyarakat yang telah mengalami gentrifikasi perlu dipulihkan untuk menaikan lagi Lokalitas. Batin dan pikiran kita telah dibutakan atas standar hidup, sudah saatnya kita berfikir kembali untuk menyelamatkan kebudayaan yang tersisa. Proyek ini mencoba merefleksikan proses atas apa yang telah terjadi, menciptakan opsi lain dari pola berhuni baru di masa depan dengan mengambil literatur kehidupan Masyarakat Bajau, suku Sama yang sebagian masih memeluk identitas asli mereka, Selama berabad-abad suku Bajau hidup mengikuti arah angin dan arus laut, namun kini dianggap melanggar batas negara hingga ditangkap pada 6 tahun lalu, November 2014 karena dianggap sebagai nelayan asing dan illegal. Mereka dibujuk dan dipaksa untuk menetap di daratan agar memiliki identitas, Padahal identitas sejatinya adalah pengembara lautan. Kisah dari “Sang Pengembara Lautan” ini diambil alih untuk membuat narasi baru atas nasib mereka, cerita dimana orang Bajau, suku Sama berhasil melawan kapitalisme yang selama ini memandang mereka hanya dengan sebelah mata dan memutuskan kembali menetap di lautan. Identitas dan nilai kebudayaan yang masih kental dari mereka dijadikan pelajaran yang dapat di petik untuk menjadi tamparan tentang sebuah kehidupan yang sesungguhnya perlu di jaga. Angan-angan akan masa depan berhuni mereka dalam perancangan ini diharapkan dapat membantu generasi baru dalam memahami spiritualitas yang diproyeksikan ke dalam perancangan untuk menemukan kembali interpretasi mereka tentang jati diri dari bangsa di Nusantara.

NURSING VERSUS ABSENTEEISM IN THE LIGHT OF LITERATURE

Absenteeism is an important indicator, not only of illness profile, but also of the situation and organization of work and of the motivation and satisfaction of workers. The increasing rate of absenteeism in the world, can generate overload for other employees. Thus, in view of the increase in this pattern of absence from work, the nursing professional at work can contribute to reducing absenteeism, focusing on the quality of life of the worker. In this sense, this research aimed to highlight the importance of the nurse's performance in the face of absenteeism, considering the identification of the factors that trigger this habitual pattern of absence from the work environment that can cause losses, both for the employer and the employee. To this end, the method used was a bibliographic review so that one could reflect on absences at work versus nursing. It was possible to observe that absenteeism has a managerial, complex and costly nature. However, it can be solved with the nurse's work in the workplace.

Arm choice post-stroke is habitual rather than optimal in right-, but not in left-paretic individuals

In non-disabled individuals, arm choice in pointing movements depends on expected biomechanical effort, expected success, and a handedness bias. Following a stroke, is arm choice re-optimized to account for the decreased motor performance, or does it follow a pre-injury habitual pattern? Because premorbidly right-handed individuals with left hemiparesis generally use their affected arm less than those with right hemiparesis, we hypothesized that arm choice follows a more habitual pattern in right- than in left-hemiparetic individuals. Participants with mild to moderate chronic stroke who were right-handed before stroke performed pointing movements in both free- and forced-choice blocks, both under a no-time constraint condition and under a fast-time constraint condition designed to promote habitual choice. Mixed-effects models of arm choice revealed that expected effort and side of stroke predicted choices overall. However, expected success predicted choice in left-, but not of right-hemiparetic individuals. Furthermore, while left-hemiparetic individuals tended to avoid unsuccessful movements in the fast condition by selecting their non-paretic arm, right-hemiparetic individuals persevered in choosing their more affected arm. In addition, reaction times decreased in left-hemiparetic individuals between the no-time and the fast condition but showed no changes in right-hemiparetic individuals. Finally, arm choice in the no-time condition correlated with a clinical measure of spontaneous arm use for right-, but not for left-hemiparetic individuals. Our results thus show that, in premorbidly right-handed individuals with mild to moderate chronic stroke, arm choice is habitual in right-hemiparetic individuals, but shows a greater degree of optimality by taking account expected success in left-hemiparetic individuals.

Can Iron and Folic Acid-IFA and Ca & Vitamin D Supplementation in Pregnancy be Fitted into Habitual Pattern of Three Meals A Day?

In India prevalence of anaemia and vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy are widespread. National programmes recommend that two tablets of iron and folic acid (IFA) and two tablets of calcium and vitamin D (Ca & Vit D) to be given every day from second trimester till delivery. To minimize the side effects and increase compliance, it is advised that each tablet should be taken after a meal. Most households follow a three meal pattern. A study was taken up to find out how IFA and Ca & Vit D supplementations can be fitted into the habitual three meal pattern. A short term crossover supplementation study was carried out on 38 pregnant women to assess side effects following consumption after lunch of one or two tablets containing 500mg elemental calcium (as calcium carbonate) and 250 IU vitamin D or 60 mg of elemental iron as ferrous sulphate. Prevalence of side effects was higher in women who received iron supplements as compared to Ca & Vit D supplements. Taking two tablets of Ca & Vit D together after meal was associated with significantly higher prevalence of side effects as compared to taking one tablet after meal. Taking two tablets of iron together after meal was not associated with any significant increase in prevalence of side effects as compared to one tablet. Giving two tablets of iron together after one meal and giving one tablet of calcium and vitamin after two meals is feasible option for providing two tablets each of iron and Ca & Vit D to pregnant women who habitually follow a three meal pattern.

Teacher’s childhood and habitual pattern of a pupil – based on teachers' narratives

The main goal of the problem presented in the paper is to show the student's model emerging from the teachers’ narratives in reference to a category of childhood revealed during their analysis and interpretations. Retrospective return of teachers, who participated in the research, to this period is associated with the recall of experiences they had both at home and at school. Following Pierre Bourdieu, it is assumed that the passive side of human habitus is hidden in the experiences accumulated as a structured one and simultaneously a structuring pattern of action and perception. Analysing the teachers’ educational experience from childhood, I decided to undertake an attempt to expose them and indicate the way in which they build their educational activities (within some spheres revealed) and the manner they look at a student and what her/his image they "paint" in their narratives.

The impact of flexion or extension movement transfer pattern on the performance of sit-to-stand task in asymptomatic young subjects

To assess the mode of sit-to-stand (STS) task performed in a habitual manner or with flexion or extension pattern transfer in asymptomatic young subjects. It was hypothesized that different initial movements of the lumbar-pelvic region would modify the performance of the STS task: coordination of STS in time and level of vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF).A convenience sample of 30 young asymptomatic volunteers, both genders, was recruited. The STS task was performed in a habitual manner or with a flexion or extension pattern. A Kistler platform was used to measure the VGRF and time of STS phases.ANOVAs analysis revealed the main effect in the total time and in maximum VGRF during the STS manoeuvre in three STS tasks (F(2, 58) = 21.67–30.74;The extension or flexion movement pattern modified STS performance and displayed different coordination in time and level of VGRF. Young asymptomatic participants performed the STS task longer with flexion or extension pattern than in the habitual pattern. The extension pattern of STS had the capacity to produce the lowest VGRF.

Cognitive Styles as Predictors of Managerial Effectiveness: A Study of Private Sector Managers from Manufacturing Industries

One of the advantages, the Indian Industries had, was the quality combined with low cost. In recent years, this advantage is waning away because of the invasion of World market by cheaper products from China (Seetharama, 2012). This challenge can be overcome by producing quality products at reduced costs, which in turn requires faster and efficient design, manufacturing methods and effective managers for monitoring. Cognitive style is described as the way individuals imagine, perceive, distinguish, recognize, think and remember information (Rishipal, 2012). It is a persisting habitual pattern of perceptual and intellectual activity. With the help of cognitive styles an individual acquires knowledge (cognition) and processes information (conceptualization).