Gastrointestinal parasitic infection in Gir Cattle (Bos primigenius indicus) and Jaffrabadi Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from Junagadh, Gujarat, India

Coprological analysis was performed to check the presence and previlance of gastrointestinal parasites. One hundred seventy six bovine faecal samples were studied. The study reported the presence of parasitic stages of Balantidium coli, Buxtonella sulcata, Trichostrongylus spp., Toxocara vitulorum, Fasciola spp., Strongyloid spp., and Paraamphistomum spp. 43.51 % (n = 108) faecal samples from Gir cattle (Bos primigenius indicus) were positive for Gastrointestinal parasitic infections. and 36.76 % (n = 68) faecal samples from Jaffrabadi Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were positive for Gastrointestinal parasitic infections. In Cattle Balantidium coli was found highest (20.37 %) and in Buffaloes Buxtonella sulcata was found highest (8.82%). the highest incidence was recorded during august for both cattle (6.48 %) and buffalo (7.35 %). Gastrointestinalparasitic infections in claves (< 12 Months) was higher than older (> 60 Months) and adult animals (12-60 Months). Season wise gastrointestinal parasitic infections in cattle were reported maximum (23.15 %) during monsoon. Maximum prevalence in buffalo was reported during Monsoon (16.18 %). similarly, females recorded higher infection rates than malesfor both cattle and buffalo.

Prevalence of Buxtonella sulcata in Sheep and Supplied drinking water

Buxtonella sulcata multiplication in lumen of the intestinal tract lead to Diarrhea. A total of 120 sheep faecal samples were collected (23 males and 97 females) with ages ranged from less than 1 year to 3 years. Also, 11 sheep drinking (river) water from Al-Suwaira city, Wasit governorate, for the period extended from September 2015 to the end February 2016. Laboratory methods used were direct wet film and iodine and Giemsa staining to detect the cysts and trophozoite of the parasite . Results recorded (30.83%) infection rate of Buxtonella sulcate in sheep, while the contamination rate of water (45.45%). Females are infected more than males which reach (35.13%) (13.04%) respectively. The highest infection rate (44.00%) showed in age group 2-3 years, while, the lowest (21.42%) found in age group (˃ 2). %), with significant difference (p<0.05) between ages and genus. Our conclusion is contamination of water acts as a good sourse for the spread of infection with Buxtonella sulcate .

Diversity of Parasitic Diarrhea Associated with Buxtonella Sulcata in Cattle and Buffalo Calves with Control of Buxtonellosis

The association between parasite isolates, including Buxtonella sulcata, in suckling and post-weaning calves and diarrhea was studied with the aim to control diarrhea caused by B. sulcata. A total of 1100 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from 609 suckling calves and 491 post-weaning calves with diarrhea. Salt floatation and modified Ziehl–Neelsen techniques were applied for the microscopic examination of the presence or absence of parasite eggs and oocysts/cysts. The microscopic findings revealed that 20.36% of the calves had parasitic diarrhea, with a prevalence rate of 19.54% in suckling calves and 21.38% in post-weaning calves. The most frequently detected parasites according to morphological characters were Eimeria species, Buxtonella sulcata, Toxocara vitulorum, Cryptosporidium species, and Moneizia species. In suckling calves, Eimeria species, B. sulcata, and T. vitulorum had the highest prevalence rates of infection, corresponding to about 37.14%, 32.86%, and 20.00%, respectively. However, in post-weaning calves, B. sulcata infection was more prevalent (30.15%) than infections with Eimeria species and T. vitulorum. The highest parasite score density was found in multiple infections with B. sulcata, Eimeria species, and T. vitulorum; however, the score density of B. sulcata when present alone in the fecal specimens was higher than in specimens co-infected with other parasites. The risk factors affecting the prevalence rate of parasitic diarrhea, such as sex, season, housing system, and feed stuff, are discussed. Concerning the treatment of diarrhea caused by B. sulcata in post-weaning cattle calves, 20 calves were divided into 4 equal groups. Group A was given sulphadimidine sodium (1.0 g/10 kg body weight) and metronidazole (500 mg/40 kg body weight); group B was treated with oxytetracycline hydrochloride (500 mg/45 Kg of body weight) and metronidazole (500 mg/40 kg body weight); group C was daily administered garlizine (allicin), 2 g/ L in drinking water; group D was the untreated control group. All medications were administered orally for four successive days. The results showed that the cyst count was significantly lower in the drug-treated groups, and the metronidazole + oxytetracycline hydrochloride and metronidazole + sulphadimidine combinations achieved 98.77% and 96.44% efficacy, respectively. Garlizine had 72.22% efficacy. Intriguingly, B. sulcata infection was associated with other parasitic infections, but B. sulcata mono-infection was the most common cause of diarrhea. Moreover, the combinations of oxytetracycline hydrochloride or sulphadimidine with metronidazole are recommended to control buxtonellosis in calves. Further studies are recommended to investigate the bacterial, viral, and fungal infections associated with B. sulcata infection.

PARASITOSIS OF YOUNG CATTLE IN FARMS OF THE CENTRAL AND URAL REGIONS OF RUSSIA

Distribution of the main intestinal parasitic protozoa of young cattle: ameri (Eimeria spp.), Cryptosporidium (Criptosporidium parvum), buxtonell (Buxtonella sulcata) was studied in 2016–2018 in cattle farms of the Central and Ural regions of Russia. With the interrogative methods of Fülleborn and Darling and successive washes in different seasons of the year, we examined 20 animals of different age groups. Studies conducted in different regions of Russia showed that calves up to 6 months of age were infected with Eimeria from 20 to 45%, AI – 720 specimens, in young animals up to 1 year of age, EI of the eymeria invasion ranged from 40–52%, AI – 1305 specimens, buxtonella EI from 26 to 32% in young animals up to 2 years of age, EI of Eimeria invasion ranged from 30 to 36%, AI – 916 specimens, buxtonella EI – 28–40%. In heifers and cows, the EI of the Eimeric invasion ranged from 16.3 to 23.2%, the AI was 680 specimens, and the buxtonella EI ranged from 25.6 to 37.2%. The results of the research showed that three species of Eimeria parasitize the farms of the Moscow Region in young cattle: Eimeria ellipsoidalis (55%), E. bovis(30%), E. zuernii (15%), and mixed invasion, which was represented by a different combination of them. The most contaminated parasitic simplest invasive elements of the environment in premises for keeping animals are the floor and walls of cells, machine tools.

Intestinal protozoa of animals in Macedonia

The infection with intestinal protozoa of clinically healthy animals which was as follows:100 cattle (Bos taurus europeus aged 2-5 years), 70 buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis, 2-5 years), 273 sheep (2-5 years), 147 goats (1-5 years), 110 horses (5-25 years), 141 pigs (2 months-4 years), 8 bears (2-30 years), 103 cats (1-7 years) and 291 chickens (35 days-4 years),it was investigated in certain areas of Macedonia. Determination of the prevalence of infection was based on faecal examination. Eight species of intestinal protozoa were identified. The most prevalent protozoa per animal were: Entamoeba spp. in cattle (92%), buffaloes (100%), sheep (70.6%) and goats (56.5%); Balantidium spp. in pigs (68.8%); Buxtonella sulcata in buffaloes (100%); Blastocystis spp. in chickens (63.9%), bears (75%) and buffaloes (100%); Eimeria spp. in horses (54.5%) and buffaloes (100%) and Giardia spp. in cats (20.3%) and buffaloes (100%). The following genera are reported here for the first time in some hosts in Greece: Cryptospporidium in horses, goats and cats, Giardia in buffaloes, sheep, goats, cats and chickens, Blastocystis in horses, buffaloes, sheep, pigs, cats, bears and chickens, Entamoeba in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, cats, bears and chickens, Buxtonella sulcata in cattle and buffaloes and Eimeria in buffaloes. Furthermore, this appears to be the first report of Blastocystis in horses, sheep, buffaloes and bears, Balantidium in sheep and goats, Entamoeba in buffaloes and bears and Giardia in buffaloes and chickens.