Precise Ensemble Face Representation Given Incomplete Visual Input

Humans can recognize faces in the presence of environmental noise. Here, we explore whether ensemble perception of faces is similarly robust. Is summary statistical information available from crowds of faces that are visually incomplete? Observers viewed sets of faces varying in identity or expression and adjusted a test face to match the perceived average. In one condition, faces amodally completed behind horizontal bars. In another condition, identical facial information was presented, but in the foreground (i.e., face parts appeared on fragmented strips in front of a background). Baseline performance was determined by performance on sets of fully visible faces. The results revealed that the ensemble representation of amodally completing sets was significantly better than the fragmented sets and marginally worse than in the fully visible condition. These results suggest that some ensemble information is available given limited visual input and supports a growing body of work suggesting that ensembles may be represented in the absence of complete visual information.

Effect of visual cues in addition to moderate auditory cues on temporal coordination: A comparative study in humans and chimpanzees

Our previous studies reported that chimpanzees share an ability to produce spontaneous temporal coordination with humans (Yu & Tomonaga, 2015; 2016). However, it remains unclear how visual cues of an interacting partner’s movement influence on the emergence of tempo convergence. The current study conducted a comparative study in humans and chimpanzees under the same experimental setup as that used in Yu & Tomonaga (2016). Three conditions, including baseline, paired-invisible and paired-visible, were prepared. In the baseline condition, the participants produced the repetitive tapping movement alone. In contrast, in the other two paired conditions, the participants in a pair produced the tapping movement concurrently while facing a conspecific partner. However, in the paired-invisible condition, a visual barrier was placed in between the participants to control visual cues of an interacting partner’s movement. Moderate auditory cues, corresponding to each participant’s tapping movement, were presented throughout the conditions. Results showed that there are significant changes on the tapping tempo between baseline and the paired-invisible condition, whereas there are little changes between paired-invisible and paired-visible condition in both species. The current stepwise analysis across three conditions demonstrates that auditory cues were more influential than additive visual cues of an interacting partner’s movement on the tempo convergence in humans and chimpanzees.

Virtual Morris task responses in individuals in an abstinence phase from alcohol

The present study was aimed at examining spatial learning and memory, in 33 men and 12 women with alcohol use disorder (AUD) undergoing ethanol detoxification, by using a virtual Morris task. As controls, we recruited 29 men and 10 women among episodic drinkers without a history of alcohol addiction or alcohol-related diseases. Elevated latency to the first movement in all trials was observed only in AUD persons; furthermore, control women had longer latencies compared with control men. Increased time spent to reach the hidden platform in the learning phase was found for women of both groups compared with men, in particular during trial 3. As predicted, AUD persons (more evident in men) spent less time in the target quadrant during the probe trial; however, AUD women had longer latencies to reach the platform in the visible condition during trials 6 and 7 that resulted in a greater distance moved. As for the probe trial, men of both groups showed increased virtual locomotion compared with the women of both groups. The present investigation confirms and extends previous studies showing (i) different gender responses in spatial learning tasks, (ii) some alterations due to alcohol addiction in virtual spatial learning, and (iii) differences between AUD men and AUD women in spatial-behaviour-related paradigms.

Disability and vulnerability — impediments or possibilities? A Hypothesis from the scope of social Christian ethics

The visible condition of a person in bodily pain or of a person who has lost autonomy, social status or self–representation, reveals to some degree an invisible reality which is present in every human being. Assuming the validity of this premise, my primary purpose in the following paper is first to reflect upon social and cultural attitudes that consider disability and vulnerability as a boundary and a threat; and secondly, to propose an alternative in transgressing the differences of socio - anthropological boundaries in order to enable dynamic communication with fellow human beings, and ultimately, to bring about the true human flourishing. The structure of my argument is threefold. In a first part my focus is stressed upon concerns of those living with a physical condition of disability and a mainstream socio–cultural attitudes towards it. In the second part, my attention will be on the meaning of vulnerability associated with, but distinct from the notion of disability. Thirdly, I will elucidate my argument with concrete examples from the L´Arche community - where people with and without disabilities are living together in mutual interdependency and cooperation.

Radiokarbon Bagi Penentuan Umur Candi Bojongmenje di Rancaekek, Jawa Barat

The finding of the temple in Bojongmenje, cangkuang, bandung is a historic event for west java community. Bojongmenje temple site on cemetery land located between the factories, houses and plantation. The visible condition of the archaelogical objects consists of a stone structure which is in west side of the temple building. The discovery of the remains of the temple in Rancaekek must be addressed as a chalenges phenomenon. In west java that there only has a few heritage which is seriously handled. An archaelogical excavation has not been implemented systematic and planned so that the conclusion cannot be made scientifically and rationally. In addition to archaelogicy, to reveal the history it is necessary using other sciences such as palaentology, anthropology, geocronology. One method used to determined the geological and archaelogical events, especially those the occur on period of geological quarter is radiocarbon method.

Reconciling the effects of mutual visibility on gesturing

Fourteen visibility experiments, which compared the overall rate of gesturing when participants could or could not see each other, have produced perfectly contradictory results: Seven found a significantly higher overall gesture rate in the visible condition, and seven found no significant difference. Experiments that used quasi-dialogues in which the addressees’ responses were experimentally constrained (e.g., using a confederate) found a significant difference; the experiments that used free dialogues did not. This review examined three possible explanations and found that (1) the use of quasi-dialogues did not ensure better experimental control, (2) the constrained addressees may have introduced a confound that could account for the significant difference, and (3) although mutual visibility did not affect the overall gesture rate in free dialogues, it significantly increased more specific features of gestures that are useful to addressees. These findings raise several issues about the utility of conventional visibility designs for understanding conversational gestures.

Preparation of F, Cl and Nitrogen Doped TiO2 and their Photocatalytic Properties Research

In the paper, sol-gel method has been used to make F-N, Cl-N co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst by the artificial zeolite as a carrier. The optimum doping and the best roasting temperature was found. The results showed that N, F co-doped photocatalyst can calcine at 400 °C, and when used in the best doping ratio as n (n-butyl titanate): n (ammonium chloride): n(N)= 1:0.01:0.012, its degradation rate can reach 92.4% in 3.5 hours. The N, Cl co-doped can calcine at 500 °C, and when used in the best doping ratio as n (n-butyl titanate): n (ammonium chloride):n(N) = 1:0.01:0.012 ,and the degradation rate of up to 88% in 3.5 hours. Scanning electron microscopy SEM and UV-visible spectrophotometry methods were used to analysis them,The results show that the experiment photocatalyst prepared in good condition. In the visible condition of the catalytic performance. The effection of F-N catalytic is better than Cl-N, and the degradation of methylene blue in 3.5 hours can reach 92.4%.

“I think I know what you mean”

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to predict and understand the mental state of another. While ToM is theorized to play a role in language, we examined whether such a mentalizing ability plays an important role in establishing shared understanding in conversation. Pairs of participants engaged in a Lego model building task in which a director instructed a builder on how to create duplicate models from a prototype that only the director could see. We manipulated whether the director could see (visible condition) or could not see (hidden condition) the builder’s workspace. As predicted, the Mind in the Eyes test (a measure of ToM) predicted accuracy when the workspace was hidden. A high mentalizing ability was an advantage when instructing, resulting in fewer errors, but may be a disadvantage when following instructions. This research indicates that ToM plays a key role in communicating information effectively in conversation.

Relations between haustoria of Erysiphe graminis and host cytoplasm in cells opened by microsurgery

Epidermal cells of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), which contained haustoria of Erysiphe graminis [DC] Merat f. sp. hordei Em. Marchal, were opened with a microneedle, thereby exposing the haustorial apparatus and surviving components of the host protoplast to externally supplied osmotica. Haustoria remained alive and functional for one or more hours in the incised cell with either salt or sucrose osmotica, as indicated by growth of attached hyphae and the visible condition of the haustorium. A thin layer of host cytoplasm (the haustorial sac) remained in place around the functional haustoria. Additional host cytoplasm was seen frequently in streams, masses, or a parietal layer within 100 μm of the haustorium. The cytoplasm often migrated to the haustorium after incision and came to rest there, especially on osmotica hypertonic to the host. The amount of fungal growth after incision was positively correlated with the amount of cytoplasm near the haustorium (large amounts if cells were incised 30 μm or more from the haustorium; small amounts if cells were incised less than 10 μm from the haustorium). The times after incision that cytoplasmic organelles near the haustorium moved in streams or vibratory patterns coincided with the times after incision that hyphae grew. Most of the host cytoplasm was removed from the vicinity of the haustorium when the microneedle was swept past the haustorium repeatedly. However, the haustoria that survived in a functional condition after nearby regions of the host cell had been swept, remained enclosed by a thin layer of cytoplasm and in contact with a layer of host cytoplasm on the host wall around the haustorial neck. The results suggest that the haustorium must be in contact with small amounts of living host cytoplasm to be functional, but that the haustorium does not depend on vacuolar substances, the nucleus of the host, or cytoplasm in distant parts of the host cell.