Вклад распределенного эффекта Пельтье в эффективность ветви термоэлектрического охладителя

An attempt is made to calculate the contribution of the distributed Peltier effect to the efficiency of the branch of the thermoelement Z for various types of impurity distribution. For this purpose, the boundary problem of thermal balance in the branch of the thermoelectric element was solved numerically, taking into account the distributed Peltier effect. The case of non-degenerate charge carriers was considered within the framework of the standard two-band model. The parameters of charge carriers were selected close to thermoelectrics based on bismuth and antimony tellurides. As the calculation in the framework of the two-zone model showed, the use of the distributed Peltier effect leads only to partial absorption of Joule heat, which contributes to an increase in the overall efficiency of the branch. In this case, the Z parameter along a significant part of the branch takes values significantly less than the maximum value

Hot Deformation Characteristics and Processing Parameter Optimization of Al–6.32Zn–2.10Mg Alloy Using Constitutive Equation and Processing Map

Hot compression tests over the temperature range from 350 °C to 500 °C and strain rates range from 0.001 s−1 to 1 s−1 for homogenized Al–6.32Zn–2.10Mg alloy were carried out on a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation machine to characterize its hot deformation behavior. At the same time, a modified Arrhenius constitutive equation was established to describe the flow behavior of the alloy, whose average absolute error is 2.89%, which proved to have an excellent predictive effect on the flow stress of the alloy. The hot processing map of the alloy was established, and the stability processing parameters were 460–500 °C and 0.01–0.08 s−1. Then, the Z parameter processing map and activation energy processing (AEP) maps were established for further optimization. Eventually, the optimal processing parameters of the alloy was 460–500 °C (0.03–0.08 s−1). Then, the microstructure of specimens was observed using electron backscatter diffraction. Based on the findings the reasonability of the AEP map and Z parameter map was verified. Finally, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques were used to analyze the evolution of the grain structure during the deformation process. It was found that dynamic recovery (DRV) was the main softening mechanism of Al–6.32Zn–2.10Mg. Continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) operated together with the increase of strain, but CDRX was confirmed as the dominant DRX mechanism.

How does the quantum structure of electromagnetic waves describe quantum redshift?

The paper introduces quantum redshift. By using the quantum structure of the electromagnetic waves, we can describe the redshift. Losing the quanta masses along the traveling in the space is the reason of the decreasing the frequency of the electromagnetic waves. Recursive quantum redshift predict distance of the objects by calculating the z parameter of the waves since they have emitted. Non-recursive quantum redshift is a fast and good approximation of the recursive quantum redshift. The distances in the quantum redshift is less than the distances in the accelerated expansion space theory. The paper provides z parameter of distances between zero and 12 billion light years.

PENGARUH MODEL LEARNING CYCLE TIPE HIPOTETIK DEDUKTIF MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA RIIL TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR ANALITIS PESERTA DIDIK PADA KONSEP GERAK NASTI TUMBUHAN (Penelitian di Kelas VIII MTsN Kawali)

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kurangnya peserta didik dalam kemampuan memecahkan masalah karena guru kurang terbiasa mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir tingkat tinggi untuk peserta didik. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Model Learning Cycle Tipe Hipotetik Deduktif terhadap kemampuan berpikir analitis peserta didik pada Konsep Gerak Nasti Tumbuhan. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada tanggal 11 Mei sampai dengan 17 Mei 2015 dengan metode Pre-Experimental dengan menggunakan One Group Pretest Postest Design. Populasi penelitian adalah siswa Kelas VIII dan sampel Kelas VIII D. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik Purposive Sampling dan teknik analisis data menggunakan Uji Z. Parameter yang diukur adalah kemampuan berpikir analitis sehingga digunakan instrumen berupa tes essay. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Zhitung > Zdaftar yaitu 2,75 > 1,64 artinya penerapan Model Learning Cycle Tipe Hipotetik Deduktif Menggunakan Media Riil berpengaruh sangat signifikan terhadap kemampuan berpikir analitis peserta didik pada Konsep Gerak Nasti Tumbuhan. Kata kunci: Model Learning CycleTipe Hipotetik Deduktif, Media Riil, Kemampuan Berpikir Analitis.

ANALISA EFEK JAHN TELLER TERHADAP STRUKTUR KRISTAL SENYAWA DELAFOSSITE AGCR1-XNIXO2 (0,01 ≤ X ≤ 0,04)

Telah dilakukan visualisasi struktur kristal senyawa delafossite AgCrO2 yang didoping doping ion Ni2+ menggunakan software Crystal MakerX 10.4. Input Data dengan Grup Ruang Nomor 166 dan Tabel Wick Offnya diperoleh dari American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database (AMCSD). Berdasarkan hasil visualisasi tampak bahwa terjadi peningkatan nilai parameter kisi pada arah sumbu z (parameter kisi c) dan volume sel kristal. Fenomena ini dapat dijelaskan menggunakan efek Jahn – Teller. Jika kita meninjau menurut konfigurasi energinya, ion Cr3+ memiliki konfigurasi (t2g)3(eg)0 yang mana orbital t2g , 3 elektron 3d yang boleh mengisi orbital dxy sedangkan ion Ni2+ memiliki konfigurasi (t2g)6(eg)2 yang mana orbital eg boleh diisi oleh 2 elektron 3d yang menempati dz2.. Misalkan ion Cr3+ yang digantikan terletak pada orbita dxy digantikan oleh ion Ni2+ yang memiliki orbital dz2 sehingga 6 atom oksigen pada bagian oktahedral CrO6 akan bergerak menjauhi ion Cr3+ sehingga 2 atom oksigen pada dumbell Ag - O sepanjang sumbu z juga akan ikut berpindah. Akibatnya terjadi distorsi secara spontan sepanjang sumbu x, y, dan z menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan parameter kisi. Adanya distorsi ini mengakibatkan hilangnya degenerasi sehingga senyawa lebih stabil.

Avrami Kinetic-Based Constitutive Relationship for Armco-Type Pure Iron in Hot Deformation

The work presents a full mathematical description of the stress-strain compression curves in a wide range of strain rates and deformation temperatures for Armco-type pure iron. The constructed models are based on a dislocation structure evolution equation (in the case of dynamic recovery (DRV)) and Avrami kinetic-based model (in the case of dynamic recrystallization (DRX)). The fractional softening model is modified as: X = ( σ 2 − σ r 2 ) / ( σ d s 2 − σ r 2 ) considering the strain hardening of un-recrystallized regions. The Avrami kinetic equation is modified and used to describe the DRX process considering the strain rate and temperature. The relations between the Avrami constant k ∗ , time exponent n ∗ , strain rate ε ˙ , temperature T and Z parameter are discussed. The yield stress σ y , saturation stress σ r s , steady stress σ d s and critical strain ε c are expressed as the functions of the Z parameter. A constitutive model is constructed based on the strain-hardening model, fractional softening model and modified Avrami kinetic equation. The DRV and DRX characters of Armco-type pure iron are clearly presented in these flow stress curves determined by the model.

Moralizing Liberty

This chapter argues in support of moralized conceptions of liberty on the grounds that distinguishing between liberty and license allows us to develop a theoretically fruitful notion of freedom that is intrinsically normatively significant and that can play a substantive role in political philosophy. Section 2 argues that the contrast between liberty and license is to be understood in terms of a moralization of the z-parameter, whereby the domain of this parameter consists of permissible courses of action. Section 3 defuses the prisoner objection, which is frequently taken to be one of the primary reasons for rejecting moralized accounts. Section 4 argues that only moralized conceptions of liberty can underwrite the presumption of liberty by providing us with a notion of freedom that is intrinsically normatively significant.

Study on Hot Deformation Behavior of High Strength Construction Steel 34CrNiMo6

The hot pressure deformation tests were carried out by using Gleeble-2000 simulator at the temperature of 950°C ~ 1150 °C and strain rate of 0.001s-1 ~ 1s-1 for a kind of high strength construction steel 34CrNiMo6 for Crankshafts and the curve of its flow stress were obtained. By studied the data, the flow stress constitutive equation, hot deforming active energy and the Z parameter were obtained. The curve of flow stress of 34CrNiMo6 steel indicated that the flow stress was increased with the decrease of temperature or increase of the strain rate. During the deformation, temperature and strain rate take important effect on dynamic recrystallization and dynamic recovery. It was propitious to dynamic recrystallization with raising temperature or reducing strain rate, and also made for the refinement of grain.