Inequality at the top. The gender wage gap among the Italian educational elites

Women notoriously get lower wages compared to men. Does a gender wage gap exist also at the top of the educational distribution? Based on population data on two recent cohort of PhD graduates in Italy, we found women’s monthly wages are on average 16% lower than men’s’ after 5–6 years on the labor market. The gender wage gap is even stronger at the very bottom and the top of the wage distribution, around 22% and 19% respectively. Educational pathways before and during PhD studies, occupational characteristics, and the family situation explain almost half of the average women’s penalty and working hours alone one-fifth of it. However, the strongest penalties at the bottom and the top of the wage distribution remain largely unexplained.

The increase in non-marital childbearing and its link to educational expansion

The increase in non-marital childbearing has coincided with educational expansion, although non-marital childbirths are more common among the low-educated population. This article quantifies the contribution of changes in education-specific rates of non-marital childbearing and educational distribution of parents to increases in non-marital childbearing among Finnish first-time parents over the period 1970–2009. Using Finnish register data on first-time mothers ( N = 112,730) and fathers ( N = 108,812), the study decomposes changes in the proportion of non-marital first childbearing in pairwise comparisons of successive decades for four educational segments: low educated (International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 0–2), medium educated (ISCED 3–4), lower tertiary educated (ISCED 5–6) and upper tertiary educated (ISCED 7–8). The findings show that the increase in non-marital first-time births was mainly attributable to the large population of medium-educated women and men and the growing segment of lower tertiary-educated women. The highest proportion of non-marital first-time childbearing remained among the low-educated population, but diminishing group size meant their overall contribution was small. The growing upper tertiary-educated population increased its contribution to non-marital childbearing but still exhibited the lowest non-marital childbearing rates. We conclude that the medium-educated population merits increased scholarly attention for its important contribution to population-level changes.

Equal Opportunity in Education: A Perspective from Below

The aim of this article is to contextualize the meaning of equal educational opportunities and its distributional pattern in Indian society from the perspective of justice. This article also attempts to answer the following questions: (a) The meaning of equal opportunities in education: for whom is the education intended? and (b) What is the pattern of educational distribution and inequalities in educational opportunities? Finally, the article also elaborates on the relationship between state, society and education; how the state favours certain ideologies which perpetuate the denial of education and create problematic situation for low-caste students in their access to educational institutions.

The Specifi c Features of University Education in Russia: The Conception of “Educational Distribution”

There is a predominating opinion that higher education in Russia principally does not differ from that in other countries, having been at a certain time created following the example of the later, while merely endowed with regional specifi c features. However, its peculiarities (higher education as a social status, the social distribution of diplomas of a single sample, absence of academic freedoms) are so essential, that they make it possible to speak of education of a different type, contrasting the modernist research “Humboldt” university. In to the opinion of the authors, it is based on “distribution”, the mechanism of which has been described by economist Olga Bessonova and sociologist Simon Kordonsky. “Distribution” includes in itself handing over and disbursement, nationalized instrumental property, compulsory subservient labor, planned organization of labor and, fi nally, the institution of complaints — the reverse connection between the distributing and the receiving channels. The authors of the article defi ne higher education in Russia (both the state-run and the so-called “commercial”) as “distribution of higher education” and consider that it corresponds with the peculiarities of the Russian civilization, which has preserved a traditional character at its core. The aspects of the “distribution of higher education” (both the social status and the sum of knowledge indispensable for it) are briefl y described in this work.

Intergenerational Mobility at the Top of the Educational Distribution

Research has shown that intergenerational mobility is higher among individuals with a college degree than among those with lower levels of schooling. However, mobility declines among graduate-degree holders. This finding questions the meritocratic power of higher education. Prior research has been hampered, however, by the small samples of advanced degree holders in representative surveys. Drawing on a large longitudinal dataset of PhD holders –the Survey of Doctorate Recipients– this study examines intergenerational mobility among the American educational elite, separately for men and women and different racial/ethnic groups. Results show substantial mobility among PhD holders. The association between parents’ education and adult children’s earnings is moderate among men and non-existent among women with doctoral degrees. However, women’s earnings converge to an average level that is much lower than men’s, signaling “perverse openness” for women even at the top of the educational distribution. Among men, there is variation in mobility by race and ethnicity. The intergenerational socioeconomic association is null for Asian men, small for white and black men, and more pronounced for Hispanics. Educational and occupational mediators account for intergenerational association among blacks and whites but not Hispanic men. A doctoral degree largely detaches individuals from their social origins in the United States but it does not eliminate all sources of inequality

Intergenerational Mobility at the Top of the Educational Distribution

Research has shown that intergenerational mobility is higher among individuals with a college degree than those with lower levels of schooling. However, mobility declines among graduate degree holders. This finding questions the meritocratic power of higher education. Prior research has been hampered, however, by the small samples of advanced degree holders in representative surveys. Drawing on a large longitudinal data set of PhD holders—the Survey of Doctorate Recipients—this study examines intergenerational mobility among the American educational elite, separately for men and women and different racial/ethnic groups. Results show substantial mobility among PhD holders. The association between parents’ education and adult children’s earnings is moderate among men and nonexistent among women with doctoral degrees. However, women’s earnings converge to an average level that is much lower than men’s, signaling ‘‘perverse openness’’ for women even at the top of the educational distribution. Among men, there is variation in mobility by race and ethnicity. The intergenerational socioeconomic association is null for Asian men, small for white and black men, and more pronounced for Hispanics. Educational and occupational mediators account for intergenerational association among blacks and whites but not Hispanic men. A doctoral degree largely detaches individuals from their social origins in the United States, but it does not eliminate all sources of inequality.

IMPACTO DO PROGRAMA DE EDUCAÇÃO TUTORIAL (PET/MEC) SOBRE A SAÚDE BUCAL EM MUNICÍPIOS DO ESTADO DA BAHIA

This article describes an activity of teaching and extension developed by members of the Fellows Program Education Tutorial dentistry course of Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, entitled “ PET on the rails”. Aims to report two successful experiences in promoting oral health in several cities in the state of Bahia. Activities were recreational and educational communities in the municipalities of São Domingos and Ribeira do Pombal, like brushing supervised oral, educational lectures, games and jokes of the educational distribution of toothbrushes and toothpastes . There was full participation of students from the PET group, under the supervision of a teacher. Issues related to the promotion of oral health and systemic been showed with individuals of different age groups. An this, the relevance of this project is attributed to the social impacts on the development of knowledge and attitudes about the proper maintenance of oral health for the communities involved, as well as the understanding of the causes and consequences of poor oral hygiene.

All for One? Family Size and Children's Educational Distribution under Credit Constraints

This paper examines the possibility that a child's years of schooling could increase in the number of siblings, instead of being diminished by competition for parents' resources: if unable to finance the education of their younger children, parents may do so through their older children's labor income. We examine this possibility in a model combining convex returns to education and credit constraints. Our model predicts correlations among family size, years of schooling and birth order, which would not exist when either of these two elements is absent. Empirical patterns shown in the United States, Mexico, and South Korea support the model predictions.