EFFECT OF VARIATION FORM (QUADRILATERAL AND HEXAGON), PARTICLE SIZE AND PRESSURE ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF BURNING CHARCOAL WOOD WASTE BRIQUETTES ALABAN AND RICE HUSK

Bahan bakar briket sudah banyak diteliti dan dikembangkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar padat seperti kayu. Salah satunya briket terbuat dari biomassa yang sudah tidak terpakai seperti serbuk gergaji, sekam padi bahkan limbah sisa industri. Pada penelitian ini peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui karakteristik pembakaran briket yang terbuat dari sekam padi dicampur limbah arang kayu alaban yang meliputi penyalaan awal, laju pembakaran dan temperatur pembakaran. Adapun sampel briket yang digunakan dengan memvariasikan berupa bentuk segi empat dan enam, mesh 20 dan mesh 40 dan tekanan cetak briket sebesar 50 kg/cm2 dan 100 kg/cm2. Hasil menunjukkan temperatur tertinggi dimiliki briket segi empat dengan mesh 40 dan kekuatan tekan 50 kg/cm2 sebesar 4120C dan yang terendah dimiliki briket segi empat dengan mesh 20 dengan kekuatan tekan 100 kg/cm2 sebesar 333,330C. Semakin rendah tekanan pencetakan penyalaan awal semakin cepat dan laju pembakaran lebih lama karena ada rongga udara dan tingginya tekanan pencetakan mempengaruhi lamanya proses pembakaran.

Farmer Adaptation Strategy to Their Environment in the Village of Makoro Binongko Wakatobi

This study aims to determine the adaptation strategies of farmers to their environment in Makoro Village, Binongko District, Wakatobi Regency. This research is qualitative research with the technique of determining informants by purposive sampling. Data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Analysis techniques are the data collected selectively separated, processing by editing process and analyzing the data that has been obtained descriptively. The results showed that the farmers' adaptation strategy to their environment was carried out through First, the strategy of tying the belt tighter or the strategy of self-limiting, ie the farmers did a strategy by eating once a day; Second, alternative subsistence strategies, where farmers and farmer families do odd jobs or become casual workers, such as fishing, digging wells, helping people package ice cubes for fish sent to Bau-Bau City, burning charcoal after it is sold to blacksmiths, selling wood, taking stones and sand, and making machetes and knives for sale; and Third, the strategy to build relationships, where farmers build a lot of networks with institutions outside the family environment. If they are in trouble then this network can be used to overcome various existing problems such as building relationships with relatives, village friends, or influential people in the village.

Design and Performance Test of Fish Roasting Machine with Rotary System

The operation of conventional roast has many disadvantages, that is combustion air intake cannot be controlled and excess air intake will cause charcoal fuel to run out quickly. Operation of conventional equipment can also cause work accidents because excessive sparks from burning charcoal and charcoal smoke will disrupt the health of the operator. One of innovation in overcoming these problems is by designing and manufacturing a fish roasting machine with rotary system. This machine uses an electric motor ¼ HP. Round for roasting is 3 RPM. Based on the performance test, the roasting temperature is 185 oC. The length of time for roasting catfish, tongkol and kuniran is 10, 11 and 13 minutes respectively while the roasting capacity is 126, 114 and 96 tails/hour. The amount of charcoal fuel needed for roasting catfish is 0.8 kg, tongkol is 0.9 kg and kuniran is 1.1 kg. Total energy including electricity and energy from charcoal for catfish is 25,712.5 kJ, tongkol is 28,923.75 kJ/kg and kuniran is 35,346.25 kJ / kg. The main cost of catfish roasting is Rp. 332 /tail, tongkol is Rp. 374 /tail and kuniran Rp. 432 /tail.

Oleg Petrauskas, Mariana Avramenko, The settlement Komariv – glass-production centre in the European Barbaricum: a cultural and natural environment

The settlement of III-IV centuries AD near the village Komariv is located at the middle course of the Dniester River. In the 1950 - 70s, its excavations were conducted by M. Yu. Smyshko and Yu. L. Shchapova. 40 objects of the late Ro¬man times were excavated (glass-melting kiln, building on a stone foundation, pottery kiln, pits and terrestrial dwellings, hearths). From 2012 comprehensive research of the settlement is carried out by a joint Ukrainian-German archae-ological expedition (heads of the project O. Petrauskas and H.-Y. Karlsen). Project implementation provided new information about the monument. The area of the settlement is about 35 ha, of which 12 hectares have been geophysi¬cal survey. It is allowed to create a map of archaeological anomalies. 22 objects were excavated during five seasons: pottery kilns, dwellings, household pits and buildings, pit related to the production of glass, etc. In 2012 it was discovered a cemetery and six inhumations were investigated. The chronological frameworks of the existence of Komariv manufactory cover phases from C1 to D1. The settlement has a two-part planigraphy and consists from residential and industrial parts. The production included several crafts: glass, pottery, jewelry production, metallurgy of ferrous metals, burning charcoal and lime, and others.

Cardiovascular Effects of Hookah Smoking: Potential Implications for Cardiovascular Risk

Introduction Smoking is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hookah (ie, waterpipe) smoking is a centuries-old revived yet understudied global epidemic of tobacco use. Because of the traditional set-up of a hookah-pipe, in addition to inhaling tobacco-combustion products, smokers are also exposed to large amounts of charcoal combustion products from the burning charcoal briquettes used to heat the hookah flavored tobacco. Despite being heavily advertised and actively glamorized in the mass media as a healthier tobacco alternative, the toxicological constituents of hookah smoke—including nicotine, carbon monoxide, particulates, oxidants, heavy metals, phenols and flavorants—indicate the potential to cause adverse cardiovascular events. Methods Herein, we review evidence on hookah smoke toxicological constituents, cardiovascular effects and potential mechanisms by which hookah smoke aerosol could cause cardiovascular disease. Results The evidence reviewed here indicates that contrary to the widespread popular belief that hookah is a healthier tobacco alternative, the constituents of hookah smoke aerosol contains similar chemicals compared to cigarette smoke, many of which are known to be harmful to cardiovascular health and mediated by similar pathophysiologic processes. Because the burning charcoal briquettes are a unique source of toxicant emissions specific to hookah smoking, some constituents differ in their quantities from cigarettes with some of their cardiovascular effects unknown. Conclusions To date, much more is known about the constituents and their toxicology than about the effects of hookah smoking on human cardiovascular health. Further research on long-term consequences of hookah use is needed. Implications This review provides an overview on the potential impact of hookah smoking on cardiovascular health. Readers will gain an insight into evidence on its toxicological constituents, human health effects, and pathophysiological mechanisms by which hookah smoking might cause cardiovascular disease. The review also highlights current research gaps regarding the cardiovascular consequences of hookah smoking, specifically the long-term consequences in the United States and Europe among flavored-hookah tobacco users.

A Comedy of Scientific Errors

William Shakespeare may well have foreshadowed the modern television sitcom. His comic misadventures were expertly crafted. In A Comedy of Errors, for example, twins with twin servants, each pair separated at birth, converge unbeknownst to each other in the same town. Mistaken identity leads to miscommunication. More mistaken identity follows, with more misdelivered messages and yet more misinterpretations. Hilarious consequences ensue. It is a stock comedic formula in modern entertainment: A character first makes an unintentional error. Then ironically, as he tries to correct it, things only get laughably worse. Science, we imagine, is safeguarded against such embarrassing episodes. In the lore of scientists, echoed among teachers, science is “self-correcting.” Replication, in particular, ensures that errors are exposed for what they are. Research promptly returns to its fruitful trajectory. Serious stuff, science. But just such a case of compounded error occurred in late eighteenth-century science. Joseph Priestley (Figure 10.1) discovered that plants can restore the “goodness” of air that had been fouled by animals or combustion. But others could not replicate his results. Not even Priestley himself. After further work, Priestley attributed the observed restorative effect to a different causal factor—only to find later that the new conclusion itself was mistaken! For us now, the story seems amus­ing, but nonetheless instructive. The case invites us to reconsider the sacred bovine that science is self-correcting, and especially that replication is central to exposing errors. Indeed, this reassessment leads us deeper into reflecting on our romantic idealizations of science, an enduring legacy of Priestley’s Enlightenment period, centuries ago. The story begins in the early 1770s, in Leeds, England. Joseph Priestley—minister, avid experimentalist, and self-taught chemist—had been investigating various kinds of air. At this time, he was examining various ways of making air noxious: by the putrefaction of dead mice or cabbage, by burning charcoal in it, by mice breathing it, or by candles burning out in it (all processes that exhaust the oxygen, in today’s terms).

Suicidal asphyxiation by carbon monoxide within a polythene bag

Suicide by inhalation of carbon monoxide is not uncommon and usually involves car exhausts or burning charcoal or defective boilers. We report a case of a 25-year-old man, who committed suicide by inhaling carbon monoxide gas inside a polythene bag in a bathroom. The open carbon monoxide cylinder found inside the polythene bag was purchased online by the deceased a few days earlier. He had stated that the gas would be used for his experiment on the environment. A suicide note recovered from his trouser pocket revealed his intention for a painless death.