Study of Effective Factors in the Tendency of Young People to Smoke Hookah in Teahouses in Deprived Areas of Zahedan in 2018 - 2019

Background: Given the increasing trend of hookah use among youth in deprived areas and the increasing number of traditional teahouses serving hookahs, it is critical to investigate the reasons for this issue. Objectives: The aim was to determine the factors affecting the tendency to use hookahs. Methods: This study was conducted in Zahedan City, the capital of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. The sampling method in this study was cluster sampling, such that among 15 traditional teahouses, 4 teahouses were randomly chosen. After referring to each of these teahouses, 1385 questionnaire forms were distributed among all youth, and 300 questionnaire forms were returned. The structured questionnaire consisted of a series of questions about demographic data, favorite flavor, duration of using a hookah, the main reason for hookah smoking, etc. The analysis of the data involved both descriptive and inferential statistics, including mean, SD, and linear regression. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: The results of linear regression showed that the duration of smoking (B = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.22-0.37) and reason for smoking were significantly associated with the rate of hookah smoking (B = 0/56; 95% CI, 0.45 - 0.68). Conclusions: As a result, there is a strong association between smoking duration and the atmosphere of traditional teahouses with the rate of hookah smoking. Thus, other places with a healthy atmosphere (such as gyms and sports clubs) should be made for youths to spend their time.

Effects of hookah smoking on liver functions, lipid profile, and adult blood count

Introduction and Aim: Smoking is the most common habit and the largest health risk among people who have an impact on the human body. The goal of our study was to examine the effects of hookah (Shisha) on the liver, lipid profile, and blood content in adult smokers to adult non-smokers. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 men between the ages of 30 and 60 years took part in the study. These samples were divided into two groups: 30 smokers and 20 non-smokers. Every male is subjected to a complete medical history survey as well as frequent tests to rule out any underlying illnesses or diseases. Blood samples were taken in quantities of 10 mL to examine the blood. Blood samples were placed on the red roof when blood samples were used with anticoagulant factor. The identification of biological parameters was done using enzyme methods and a Random kit. Results: The results showed that Hb, PCV, WBC, ESR, platelets, and RBC were all elevated, whereas ALP and transaminase enzymes were not. Although not significantly, TC and TG increased the lipid profile findings. Our analysis yielded a wide range of outcomes. Various factors could be to blame for these disparities. Conclusion: We describe how future research will focus on the relationship between organ functions and their working tests for smoking effects based on our findings. Age, sex, nutrition, and hereditary behavior must all be included in future studies.

Exclusive and Dual Cigarette and Hookah Smoking Is Associated with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes among Pregnant Women in Cairo, Egypt

This study assessed the prevalence of prenatal smoking, factors associated with prenatal smoking, and its association with birth outcomes in a sample of pregnant women in Egypt. Pregnant women were recruited during their last trimester from antenatal clinics in Cairo from June 2015 to May 2016. Participants completed an interviewer-administered survey that assessed tobacco use and attitudes, and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) was measured. Gestational age at delivery and offspring birth weight were collected via a postnatal phone interview. Two hundred pregnant women ages 16–37 years participated. More than a quarter (29.0%) of women reported smoking (cigarettes, hookah, or both) during their current pregnancy, and hookah was more popular than cigarettes. Most women who smoked prior to their current pregnancy either maintained their current smoking habits (46.6%) or switched from dual to hookah-only smoking (46.6%). Current smokers during pregnancy had a higher mean (±SD) exhaled CO level (2.97 ± 1.45 vs. 0.25 ± 0.60 ppm, p < 0.001) and had babies with a lower mean birth weight (2583 ± 300 vs. 2991 ± 478 g, p < 0.001) than non-smokers. Smokers during pregnancy had greater odds of premature birth and/or low birth weight babies compared to non-smokers. Dual cigarette-hookah smokers had the highest risk. Additional focused programs are required to prevent women of childbearing age from initiating tobacco use and empower women to stop tobacco use during the preconception and gestational periods.

Teachers’ Talk of a Walk they Don’t Stride: A Case Study of Education Student Teachers’ Perspectives on Hookah Smoking

Hookah smoking is widely spreading among Lebanese adolescence. The aim of this study was to investigate the perspectives of prospective student teachers pertaining to hookah smoking to determine their readiness to educate their future students in what relates to the dangers of smoking. The sample consisted of education sophomore student teachers (N=53), at the Education Faculty of one university in Lebanon. Participants constituted of the students enrolled in two educational psychology classes taught by the researcher. The topic was not part of what is being taught to students at the university. The e-survey obtained information on participants’ demographics, hookah smoking awareness, and their educative perspectives on hookah smoking. The study used mixed methods employing an 18-item survey on hookah smoking, alongside a semi structured heterogeneous focus group interview with six student teachers; two who were identified respectively as: hookah smokers, non-smokers, semi-smokers, and all were selected randomly from the pool of participants. Findings suggest that education student teachers have dispersed and unbalanced educative perceptions on hookah smoking. The study recommends that an efficient Lebanese anti-smoking awareness program should highly emphasize targeting the college student teachers, who are at the future front line with the youthful upcoming generation, and thus can highly affect their awareness pertaining to smoking in general, and hookah smoking in specific.

Long-term effectiveness of a community-based lifestyle intervention on smoking behaviors in adults: novel findings from Middle-East

Introductionwe investigated the long-term effects of a community-based lifestyle intervention on cigarette smoking and intensity, hookah, and passive smoking in a Middle-Eastern population.MethodsWe used data of adult participans of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS), (10368 individuals). After excluding those with missings and lost-to-follow-ups, 4915 individials underwent triennial follow-ups for 15.8 years and 1322 received intervention. The smoking status (cigarette, hookah, passive and cigarette intensity) were compared between control and intervention using the Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE).ResultsIntervention reduced the odds of cigarette smoking in men by 27% (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.56–0.96; P = 0.03). Estimated mean cigarettes/day was 1.58 lower in men in intervention group. The intervention had short-term positive effects on mens’ hookah smoking at 2nd follow up (coefficient = -0.54, 95% CI= -0.94,-0.14; P = 0.008). The effect was not significant at long-term (P > 0.05). women in intervention group were 38% less likely to smoke cigarette or hookah (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42–0.91; P = 0.016) and had 33% lower odds of secondhand-smoke exposure (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.54–0.84; P = 0.001).ConclusionsA community-based lifestyle intervention have long-term effects in reducing cigarette smoking and intensity in men, along with tobacco and passive smoking in women. It could affect mens’ hookah smoking only in short-term.

Psychological Factors of Metabolic Syndrome

Several factors are involved in the etiology of metabolic syndrome, the most important of which are insulin resistance, obesity (especially abdominal obesity), lipid abnormalities, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, pre-inflammatory status, genetic factors, unhealthy lifestyle, trend Rapid urbanization, nutritional factors, inactivity, smoking and hookah smoking, social, economic and cultural factors, level of education, psychosocial stresses and environmental pollution. But psychological factors such as meta-cognitive beliefs, life orientation (optimism, pessimism) and positive and negative emotions, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis activity, type D personality, depression and anxiety also play a role in causing it.

Prevalence of hookah smoking and associated factors among male high school students in Iraq

Background The use of the hookah-smoking device is increasing at a large scale in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Hookah users are exposed to an array of chemical compounds and may suffer several chronic diseases as a result. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hookah use among male high school students in the region and to study different associated factors in order to provide local tobacco control officials with an understanding of this public health problem. Methods A convenient non-probability sampling study was conducted among students in three high schools in Al-Karkh district, Baghdad. The study period was from October 2017 till January 2019 and included 847 male students aged 15–18 years old. Using a simple random technique to select the high schools from a list of schools we chose one school from each directorate. Descriptive, chi-square test of significance, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses of data were carried out for identifying the risk factors associated with hookah smoking among these high school adolescent males. Results The overall prevalence of hookah smoking in the last 30 days among male high school students was 46.1% while in the past 6 months it was as high as 85.7%. More than two-thirds (70.6%) of the students thought that hookah smoking was more socially acceptable than cigarette smoking. Factors such as having first heard about it from friends, the media, or the presence of a hookah café near their residence were significantly associated (p > 0.05) with hookah smoking among the students. Similarly, being surrounded by friends who used hookah was also found to be significantly associated with hookah smoking, with an odds ratio of 0.18, 95% CI (0.087–0.394). Hookah smokers were less likely than non-hookah smokers to report its use as forbidden in Islam and more likely to say it is allowed in Islam. Conclusions We found an alarmingly high use of hookah smoking among male high school students in this study. Family members and peers had an important role in the prevention of hookah smoking among these students. There is a need for students to be educated about the toxicity of hookah tobacco smoking and its direct effect on their health.

Smoking Habits in Men and Women with Different Perceptions of Social Well-Being: Findings of A Large Population-Based Study

Background This study aimed to investigate cigarette and hookah smoking in a population of Eastern-Mediterranean adults in relation to their perceived social well-being (social integration, coherence, acceptance, contribution, and actualization). Methods Data of 2592 adults who participated in the 6th phase (2014–2016) of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) was used. After excluding those with missing data (n = 235), 2357 remained for the sex-specific logistic regression to investigate the association between social well-being and current smoking (cigarette and hookah). The final model (model 3) was adjusted for age, marital status, education, occupation, physical activity, and chronic disease history. Results Participants' mean age was 46 ± 14 years (45% men). Compared to cigarette and hookah smokers, the mean scores of social well-being and all its dimensions were higher in non-smokers. While in men, cigarette smoking was significantly related to social well-being and all its dimensions, only women with higher social well-being (OR:0.97, CI:0.95–0.99, P:0.001), social integration (OR:0.93, CI:0.87–0.99, P:0.019), and coherence (OR:0.92, CI:0.87–0.98, P:0.013), were further at risk of cigarette smoking. Unlike men, whose hookah smoking was not at all related to their social well-being, women's hookah consumption was associated with social well-being (OR: 0.97, CI:0.95–0.99, P:0.002), social integration and acceptance; one unit increase in the mean scores of social integration and acceptance in women reduced the risk of hookah use by 8%. Conclusion Social well-being and tobacco smoking are related, and evident sex differences in this relationship should not be ignored in future tobacco control efforts.