The choice of surfactants for the hydrolysis of protein-fat deposits in the production of functional milk-based products

В статье представлены результаты экспериментов, согласно которым общепринятые концентрации 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 % рабочих щелочных растворов характеризуются более высоким поверхностным натяжением, чем вода. Введение комплексоната в растворы щелочных электролитов практически не влияет на эти показатели. При этом достигается степень удаления отложений с контактной поверхности на 14-17 % в зависимости от концентрации гидроксида щелочного металла. По результатам определения поверхностного натяжения и эмульгирующей способности различных видов поверхностно-активных веществ (ПАВ) выявлены наиболее рациональные из них. Для удаления отложений с преимущественным содержанием белковой фракции и функциональных добавок акцент следует направить на применение неионогенных ПАВ с наименьшим показателем поверхностного натяжения при концентрациях щелочной основы 1,7-2,5 %. При наличии значительных отложений жировой фракции и функциональных добавок необходимо использовать анионные ПАВ в смеси с диспергаторами, снижающими пенообразующую способность моющих растворов. Концентрация щелочных компонентов в процессе мойки может варьировать в пределах 0,5-1,2 %. The article presents the results of experiments, according to which the generally accepted concentrations 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 % of working alkaline solutions are characterized by a higher surface tension than water. The introduction of a complexonate into solutions of alkaline electrolytes has practically no effect on these indicators. In this case, the degree of removal of deposits from the contact surface is achieved by 14-17 %, depending on the concentration of alkali metal hydroxide. Based on the results of determining the surface tension and emulsifying abilities of various types of surfactants, the most rational of them were identified. To remove deposits with a predominant content of the protein fraction and functional additives, the emphasis should be on the use of nonionic surfactants with the lowest surface tension at alkaline base concentrations 1.7-2.5 %. In the presence of significant deposits of the fat fraction and functional additives, it is necessary to use anionic surfactants in a mixture with special dispersants that reduce the foaming ability of washing solutions. The concentration of alkaline components in the washing process can vary within 0.5-1.2 %.

CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES BY ETHERS

ABSTRACT Powdered cellulose etherified to primary, secondary, tertiary, and combination of primary and tertiary carbons contains halide or an epoxide compound obtains Methylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (OH group replaced to OR) in presence of an alkali metal hydroxide in high pressure and thermal conditions, also produced to different grades where you played a viscosity parameter. Key Words: cellulose, alkali cellulose, etherfication.

Synthesis and Bioactivity of Quinone Mono- and Dioxime Salts

Eliminating all kinds of harmful organisms is an important task in agriculture, food production, and human life. Quinone oximes and their salts are good bioactive compounds to attain this aim. The alkali metal salts of quinone mono- and dioxime have been synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding quinone oxime with alkali metal hydroxide. The divalent metal salts have been obtained in two stages. The first stage is the synthesis of the sodium salt of the quinone oxime. The second step is the reaction of the latter with a divalent metal salt. Copper and zinc salts of [(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)amino]oxidanide have the highest insecticidal activity against the housefly and rice weevil. The death index is 90–100%. Copper {[2-methyl-4-oxo-5-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene]amino}oxidanide shows good activity against Phytophthora infestans. Inhibition of the growth and development of the Phytophthora infestans is 80%.

TECHNOLOGY FOR PREVENTION AND REMOVAL OF ORGANIC SALTS FROM THE MESOZOIC WELLS OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC

Основными проблемами, осложняющими эксплуатацию глубоких скважин (на определенной стадии разработки), являются низкие коллекторские свойства пластов и отложения в призабойной зоне пласта (ПЗП) и подземном оборудовании органических солей, то есть высокоплавких асфальтено-смолистых веществ (АСВ). Это приводит к существенному уменьшению добычи нефти, вплоть до полного прекращения притока из пласта, затрудняет, а в ряде случаев и полностью исключает, возможность проведения глубинных термогидродинамических исследований скважин и мероприятий по воздействию на призабойную зону пласта, вызывает необходимость в дополнительных затратах, связанных со сбором, транспортировкой и подготовкой нефти, что ухудшает технико-экономические показатели разработки нефтяных залежей. Для борьбы с указанными осложнениями разработаны и используются в нефтепромысловой практике большое количество технологических методов и реагентов на базе растворителей фирмы «РИНГО», ингибиторов и растворителей института «Союзнефтепромхим» (СНПХ-7909, СНПХ- 7941, СНПХ-7920М) и другие. Однако указанные реагенты и технологические схемы предназначены для обработок неглубоких скважин, где основную массу отложений составляют соединения парафинового ряда. В условиях отложения высокомолекулярных АСВ они малоэффективны или неприемлемы. В этой связи для условий глубоких высокотемпературных асфальтено-смолообразующих скважин разработаны специальные технологии обработок ПЗП и НКТ. Технология предусматривает использование для удаления и ингибирования отложений АСВ составов, включающих ароматические и предельные углеводороды, поверхностно-активные вещества (ПАВ), а также водные растворы гидратов окиси или силикатов щелочных металлов. Применение смеси растворителей с различной молекулярной структурой основано на различном характере растворимости асфальтено-смолистых и парафиновых веществ. Разработанная технология внедрена на мезозойских скважинах ОАО «Грознефтегаз», что позволило обеспечить безаварийный спуск глубинных приборов для проведения термогидродинамических исследований и значительно увеличить производительность скважин и дополнительно добыть десятки тысяч тонн нефти. The main problems that complicate the operation of deep wells (at a certain stage of development) are low collector properties of formations and deposits in the bottom-hole zone of the formation (PCP) and underground equipment of organic salts, i.e. high-melting asphalteno-resinous substances (ASV). This leads to a significant reduction in oil production, up to the complete termination of the inflow from the formation, makes it difficult, and in some cases completely impossible, to carry out deep thermohydrodynamic studies of wells and measures for impact on the bottom-hole zone of the formation, causes the need for additional costs related to the collection, transportation and preparation of oil, which impairs the technical and economic indicators of development of oil deposits. In order to combat these complications, a large number of technological methods and reagents based on RINGO solvents, inhibitors and solvents of Soyuzneftepromchim Institute (СНПХ-7909, СНПХ-7941, СНПХ-7920М) and others have been developed and used in oil field practice. However, these reagents and process diagrams are designed to treat shallow wells where the bulk of the deposits are paraffin series compounds. Under conditions of deposition of high-malecular ACB, they are ineffective or unacceptable. In this regard, for conditions of deep high-temperature asphalt-resin- forming wells special technologies of treatment of PIP and tubing have been developed. The technology involves the use of compositions comprising aromatic and marginal hydrocarbons, surfactants and aqueous solutions of alkali metal hydroxide or silicate to remove and inhibit ACB deposits. The use of a mixture of solvents with different molecular structures is based on the different solubility of asphalteno- resinous and paraffinic substances. The developed technology was introduced at the Mesozoic wells of OAO Grozneftegas, which allowed to ensure the accident-free descent of deep instruments for thermohydrodynamic research and significantly increase the productivity of wells and additionally produce tens of thousands of tons of oil.

Low Temperature Characteristics of Hydrogen Storage Alloy LaMm-Ni4.1Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.45 for Ni-MH Batteries

Nickel hydride batteries (Ni-MH) are known of their good performance and high reliability at temperatures below 0 °C, which is significantly dependent on electrolyte composition. Here we present the low temperature characteristics of pristine AB5-type alloy, LaMm-Ni4.1Al0.3Mn0.4Co0.45, determined in various alkali metal hydroxide solutions. We found that the combination of KOH with NaOH showed a significant effect of enhancement of low temperature performance of the electrode material and diffusion of hydrogen in the alloy. This 6M binary mixed NaOH/KOH electrolyte, comprising 4M KOH component and 2M NaOH component, made it possible to maintain 81.7% and 61.0% of maximum capacity at −20 °C and −30 °C, respectively, enhancing the hydrogen storage properties of the alloy after reheating to room temperature.

A facile alkali metal hydroxide-assisted controlled and targeted synthesis of 1T MoS2 single-crystal nanosheets for lithium ion battery anodes

High-quality metallic 1T phase MoS2 single-crystal nanosheets were synthesized by a facile alkali metal hydroxide-assisted approach via the calcination of lithium hydroxide and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate under argon atmosphere at 1000 °C

Improvement of the Catalytic Efficiency of Butene Oligomerization Using Alkali Metal Hydroxide-Modified Hierarchical ZSM-5 Catalysts

Oligomerization of light olefin is an effective method to produce plentiful liquid fuels. However, oligomerization processes using microporous zeolites have severe problems due to steric hindrance. In this paper, oligomerization of butene using a series of new types of hierarchical HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts is studied. To obtain the modified HZSM-5 catalysts, HZSM-5 is treated with the same concentration of LiOH, NaOH, KOH, and CsOH aqueous solutions, respectively. It is demonstrated that the alkali treatment can effectively modify the acidity properties and hierarchical structure of the HZSM-5 catalyst, which is confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Nitrogen Adsorption-desorption Measurements, Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigations (TEM), Ammonia Temperature-programmed Desorption Method (NH3-TPD), Pyridine FT-IR, and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results show that hierarchical catalysts with interconnected open-mesopores, smaller crystal size, and suitable acidity can better prolong the catalyst lifetime during butene oligomerization. Particularly, the HZSM-5 catalysts treated with CsOH aqueous solution (ATHZ5-Cs) proved to be the most effective catalyst, resulting in approximately 99% conversion of butene and exhibiting C8+ selectivity of 85% within 12 h. Thus, an appropriate hierarchical catalyst can satisfy the oligomerization process and has the potential to be used as a substitute for the commercial ZSM-5 catalyst.