CHANGING OF MENTAL MODELS FOR EFFECTIVE DECISION-MAKING

This article explains the role of mental models and the need of their change to make effective decisions. It is substantiated that the mental model rests on changes to save the system and minimize the risk. An example of this resistance is the complicated and slow process of political reform in Ukraine, which forms a new national mentality model. Political initiatives are aimed at creating a new legitimate mental model, which should be more effective than the previous, in a new environment. But from 2014 to 2017 of the nearly five thousand proposed legislative proposals, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine has only adopted a few dozen. It is noted that the review of mental models is a complex process that requires additional energy expenditure, such as stress, loss of comfort, security, money, etc. The ability to change the mental model may require personal courage, creativity, independence, and imagination. To view mental models, the leader must apply the appropriate leadership power and styles, establish an appropriate organizational culture and climate, show positive and optimistic behavior to encourage team members and motivate them to change. It is noted that in the new environment, the decision maker can fluctuate closely to the so-called “line of comfort” for making a decision. This is a line of psychological comfort according to the existing mental model. For better and faster decision-making, you may need to create a new “line of comfort” by looking at the mental model. Thus, in a new environment, the decision maker can again make decisions on the basis of a new mental model. It is proved that mental models are relatively stable, but changing the environment makes them look. The growing conflict between the system and the environment inevitably forms a new mental model, which should again balance the system.

CHANGING OF MENTAL MODELS FOR EFFECTIVE DECISION-MAKING

This article explains the role of mental models and the need of their change to make effective decisions. It is substantiated that the mental model rests on changes to save the system and minimize the risk. An example of this resis- tance is the complicated and slow process of political reform in Ukraine, which forms a new national mentality model. Political initiatives are aimed at creating a new legitimate mental model, which should be more effective than the previ- ous, in a new environment. But from 2014 to 2017 of the nearly five thousand proposed legislative proposals, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine has only adopted a few dozen. It is noted that the review of mental models is a complex process that requires additional energy expenditure, such as stress, loss of comfort, security, money, etc. The ability to change the mental model may require personal courage, creativity, independence, and imagination. To view mental models, the leader must apply the appropriate leadership power and styles, establish an appropriate organizational culture and climate, show positive and optimistic behavior to en- courage team members and motivate them to change.It is noted that in the new environment, the decision maker can fluctuate closely to the so-called “line of comfort” for making a decision. This is a line of psychological comfort according to the existing mental model. For better and faster decision-making, you may need to create a new “line of comfort” by looking at the mental model. Thus, in a new environment, the decision maker can again make decisions on the basis of a new mental model.It is proved that mental models are relatively stable, but changing the envi- ronment makes them look. The growing conflict between the system and the en- vironment inevitably forms a new mental model, which should again balance the system.

Moderate-intensity exercise affects perceived hunger and fullness but not appetite-related hormones in late pregnancy

The effect of exercise on appetite and appetite-related hormones during pregnancy is not known. This study found that 30 min of moderate-intensity stationary cycling transiently attenuated hunger and increased fullness in late gestational women (n = 12). Exercise did not affect perceived appetite or appetite-related hormones in response to subsequent caloric consumption. These observations suggest that appetite responses do not intrinsically compensate for the additional energy expenditure induced by exercise, at least in the short term.

Intraspecific Variation in Commuting Distance of Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus): Ecological and Energetic Consequences of Nesting Further Inland

Radio transmitters were deployed on Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) at Desolation Sound, British Columbia, Canada, during the 1998 breeding season to assess individual variation in distance birds nested from foraging areas, and potential energetic and ecological consequences of commuting those distances. Radio-tracking from a helicopter was used to locate nests, and tracking from the air and boats was used to locate murrelets on the water. Twenty-three nests were found, with active incubation at 16, and active chick-rearing at 12. A minimum of 3 nests fledged chicks, 9 were failures, and 11 were unknown. Nests were at an elevation of 806 ± 377 m and a distance of 39.2 ± 23.2 km (range 12–102 km) from locations on the water. Birds spent an estimated 1.2 ± 0.7 h per day commuting to and from nests (range 0.3–3.5 h per day). It was estimated that birds expended 3,883 ± 2,296 kJ (range 1,200–10,144 kJ) over the breeding season when commuting to those nests, which was 5–41% of their estimated field metabolic-rate during the breeding season. There was no relationship between distance to nests and breeding success. Either Marbled Murrelets can accommodate that additional energy expenditure, or reduce commuting costs by modifying their foraging behavior. They may forage closer to nest sites when provisioning chicks, thereby reducing commuting costs with a payload, or alter nest visitation rates in relation to distance they nest from foraging areas. Nests further inland may also confer advantages that compensate for the added commuting, or birds might replenish body reserves at the end of the breeding season.

An Increasing Work RATE Test for Assessing the Physiological Strain of Submaximal Exercise

1. A progressive exercise test was performed on forty-four male and twenty-nine female healthy Europeans, aged between 20 and 64 years. Values for cardiac frequency (fH) and ventilation (V̇) were interpolated to standard (submaximal) oxygen uptakes (V̇o2) of 0·751/min and 1·01/min. The tidal volume (Vt) at a ventilation of 20 and 301 BTPS/min was also determined (Vt 20 and Vt 30 respectively). 2. The slope of the linear relationship between cardiac frequency or ventilation and oxygen uptake (SfH and SV̇ respectively) can be used as a measure of the fitness of an individual, as it indicates the increase in fH or V̇ that is obligatory for an increase in energy expenditure equivalent to an additional oxygen uptake of 1·0 1/min (about the increase necessary for walking on the level at a normal speed). By analogy with the responses of an athlete, a ‘fit’ subject is one in whom responses are economically low, i.e. SfH and SV̇ are lower than in sedentary individuals. Measures of SfH and SV̇ can also be used to indicate the demands of everyday activities on fH and V̇. 3. When SfH and SV̇ are related to the individual's capacity to adapt fH and V̇ from resting to predicted maximum values (‘adaptation capacity’ ACfH and ACV̇ respectively), the resulting index (SfH × 100/ACfH or SV̇ × 100/ACV̇) expresses the percentage of the adaptation capacity used for an additional energy expenditure equivalent to a V̇o2 of 1·01/min, and can be considered a measure of the ‘physiological strain’ of exercise. The effects on exercise responses of differences in body muscle can be allowed for by multiplying this index by lean body mass (LBM). The lower the (size-adjusted) physiological strain index, the fitter the individual subject.

Voluntary consumption of low quality roughage by sheep during cold exposure

Measurements were made of the feed intakes, heart rates and bad., Y weights of adult sheep with a short fleece (0.3-1.2 cm) that were offered a low quality roughage diet and maintained in a cold environment. Feed intake was higher during cold exposure than under thermoneutral conditions. The increase in feed intake usually began in the second week of cold exposure and maximum intakes were generally shown in the third and fourth weeks. The increases were relatively small, the mean feed intakes in the third and fourth week of cold exposure being 9 to 15 per cent or 1.5-2.3 g organic matter/day/kg body weight above those under thermoneutral conditions. Heart rate values of up to 116 beats per minute during cold exposure indicated that energy expenditure was higher in the cold than under thermoneutral conditions. The increases in energy intake in the cold did not always compensate for the additional energy expenditure and body weight losses of up to 5.5 kg in four weeks of cold exposure were recorded. It was concluded that a regime of ad lib. feeding with low quality roughage would be of limited value in maintaining short fleeced sheep subjected to cold exposure. The data were also considered to be consistent with the conclusion that the intake of the wheaten hay diet was limited by the resistance of the dietary organic matter to removal from the rumen rather than by a metabolic effect of a nutrient deficiency.