Voluntary consumption of low quality roughage by sheep during cold exposure

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (47) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
The Third ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Additional Energy Expenditure

Measurements were made of the feed intakes, heart rates and bad., Y weights of adult sheep with a short fleece (0.3-1.2 cm) that were offered a low quality roughage diet and maintained in a cold environment. Feed intake was higher during cold exposure than under thermoneutral conditions. The increase in feed intake usually began in the second week of cold exposure and maximum intakes were generally shown in the third and fourth weeks. The increases were relatively small, the mean feed intakes in the third and fourth week of cold exposure being 9 to 15 per cent or 1.5-2.3 g organic matter/day/kg body weight above those under thermoneutral conditions. Heart rate values of up to 116 beats per minute during cold exposure indicated that energy expenditure was higher in the cold than under thermoneutral conditions. The increases in energy intake in the cold did not always compensate for the additional energy expenditure and body weight losses of up to 5.5 kg in four weeks of cold exposure were recorded. It was concluded that a regime of ad lib. feeding with low quality roughage would be of limited value in maintaining short fleeced sheep subjected to cold exposure. The data were also considered to be consistent with the conclusion that the intake of the wheaten hay diet was limited by the resistance of the dietary organic matter to removal from the rumen rather than by a metabolic effect of a nutrient deficiency.

scholarly journals Metabolic, gastrointestinal, and CNS neuropeptide effects of brain leptin administration in the rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. R1425-R1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertjan van Dijk ◽  
Randy J. Seeley ◽  
Todd E. Thiele ◽  
Mark I. Friedman ◽  
Hong Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Plasma Fatty Acids ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ad Libitum

To investigate whether brain leptin involves neuropeptidergic pathways influencing ingestion, metabolism, and gastrointestinal functioning, leptin (3.5 μg) was infused daily into the third cerebral ventricular of rats for 3 days. To distinguish between direct leptin effects and those secondary to leptin-induced anorexia, we studied vehicle-infused rats with food available ad libitum and those that were pair-fed to leptin-treated animals. Although body weight was comparably reduced (−8%) and plasma glycerol was comparably increased (142 and 17%, respectively) in leptin-treated and pair-fed animals relative to controls, increases in plasma fatty acids and ketones were only detected (132 and 234%, respectively) in pair-fed rats. Resting energy expenditure (−15%) and gastrointestinal fill (−50%) were reduced by pair-feeding relative to the ad libitum group, but they were not reduced by leptin treatment. Relative to controls, leptin increased hypothalamic mRNA for corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; 61%) and for proopiomelanocortin (POMC; 31%) but did not reduce mRNA for neuropeptide Y. These results suggest that CNS leptin prevents metabolic/gastrointestinal responses to caloric restriction by activating hypothalamic CRH- and POMC-containing pathways and raise the possibility that these peripheral responses to CNS leptin administration contribute to leptin’s anorexigenic action.

Moderate-intensity exercise affects perceived hunger and fullness but not appetite-related hormones in late pregnancy

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1162-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kym J. Guelfi ◽  
Rhiannon E. Halse
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Additional Energy Expenditure ◽  
Caloric Consumption

The effect of exercise on appetite and appetite-related hormones during pregnancy is not known. This study found that 30 min of moderate-intensity stationary cycling transiently attenuated hunger and increased fullness in late gestational women (n = 12). Exercise did not affect perceived appetite or appetite-related hormones in response to subsequent caloric consumption. These observations suggest that appetite responses do not intrinsically compensate for the additional energy expenditure induced by exercise, at least in the short term.

Effect of giving water intermittently on excretion patterns of water and certain electrolytes in Ghokla sheep during summer

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. More ◽  
K. L. Sahni
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
The Third ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
External Balances ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

SummaryExternal balances of water, sodium and potassium were examined in carpet wool Chokla sheep given water once in 24, 48 and 72 h during the hot months. There was a significant decline (P < 0·01) in feed intake on the third day of dehydration. The water intake of this group approached 30% of body weight and there was also a significant (P < 0·05) decrease in urine volume after 2 days of water deprivation. There was a large balance for potassium in all treatments and most especially when the sheep were given water every 72 h. It is argued that this unusually high balance of potassium was probably a characteristic of sheep adapted to a hot climate.

scholarly journals Mechanisms Regulating Feed Intake, Energy Expenditure, and Body Weight in Poultry

2007 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 1478-1490 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Richards ◽  
M. Proszkowiec-Weglarz
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Feed Intake

scholarly journals Warm Perches: A Novel Approach For Reducing Cold Stress Effect on Production, Plasma Hormones, and Immunity in Laying Hens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaying Hu ◽  
Heng Wei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Stress Effect

Abstract Background: Cold temperature is a common environmental stressor that has a great impact on the poultry industries, inducing pathophysiological stress in birds with profound economic losses. Current methods used for preventing cold stress, such as reducing ventilation and using gas heaters, are facing challenges due to poor indoor air quality and its deleterious effects on bird and caretaker health. The aim of this study was to examine if the novelly designed warmed perch system, as a thermal device, can reduce cold stress-associated adverse effects on laying hens. Methods: Seventy-two 32-week-old DeKalb hens were randomly assigned to 36 cages arranged to 3 banks. The banks were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: cages with warmed perches (WP; perches with circulating water at 30 oC), air perches (AP, regular perches only) or no perches (NP) for a 21- day trial. The room temperature was set at 10 oC during the entire experimental period. Rectal temperature and body weight were measured from the same bird of each cage at day 1, 8, 15, and 21 during the cold exposure. Egg production was recorded daily. Feed intake, egg and eggshell quality were determined during the 1st and 3rd week of cold stress. Plasma levels of corticosterone, thyroid hormones (3, 3’, 5-triiodothyronine and thyroxine), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, were determined at day 1 and 21 post initiation of cold exposure. Results: Compared to both AP and NP hens, WP hens were able to maintain their body temperature without increasing feed intake and losing body weight. The eggs laid by WP hens had thicker eggshell during the 3rd week of cold exposure. Warmed perch hens also had a lower thyroxine conversion rate (3, 3’, 5-triiodothyronine/thyroxine) at day 1, while higher plasma concentrations of IL-6 at day 21. Plasma levels of corticosterone, 3, 3’, 5-triiodothyronine, and IL-10 were not different among treatments. Conclusions: Our results indicate that the warmed perch system can be used as a novel thermal device for preventing cold stress-induced negative effects on hen health and welfare through regulating innate immunity and metabolic hormonal homeostasis.

An Increasing Work RATE Test for Assessing the Physiological Strain of Submaximal Exercise

1974 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Spiro ◽  
E. Juniper ◽  
P. Bowman ◽  
R. H. T. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Adaptation Capacity ◽  
Cardiac Frequency ◽  
Normal Speed ◽  
Additional Energy Expenditure ◽  
The Individual

1. A progressive exercise test was performed on forty-four male and twenty-nine female healthy Europeans, aged between 20 and 64 years. Values for cardiac frequency (fH) and ventilation (V̇) were interpolated to standard (submaximal) oxygen uptakes (V̇o2) of 0·751/min and 1·01/min. The tidal volume (Vt) at a ventilation of 20 and 301 BTPS/min was also determined (Vt 20 and Vt 30 respectively). 2. The slope of the linear relationship between cardiac frequency or ventilation and oxygen uptake (SfH and SV̇ respectively) can be used as a measure of the fitness of an individual, as it indicates the increase in fH or V̇ that is obligatory for an increase in energy expenditure equivalent to an additional oxygen uptake of 1·0 1/min (about the increase necessary for walking on the level at a normal speed). By analogy with the responses of an athlete, a ‘fit’ subject is one in whom responses are economically low, i.e. SfH and SV̇ are lower than in sedentary individuals. Measures of SfH and SV̇ can also be used to indicate the demands of everyday activities on fH and V̇. 3. When SfH and SV̇ are related to the individual's capacity to adapt fH and V̇ from resting to predicted maximum values (‘adaptation capacity’ ACfH and ACV̇ respectively), the resulting index (SfH × 100/ACfH or SV̇ × 100/ACV̇) expresses the percentage of the adaptation capacity used for an additional energy expenditure equivalent to a V̇o2 of 1·01/min, and can be considered a measure of the ‘physiological strain’ of exercise. The effects on exercise responses of differences in body muscle can be allowed for by multiplying this index by lean body mass (LBM). The lower the (size-adjusted) physiological strain index, the fitter the individual subject.

Insulin and metabolic efficiency in rats. II. Effects of NE and cold exposure

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (6) ◽  
pp. R1118-R1125
Author(s):  
T. J. Bartness ◽  
C. J. Billington ◽  
A. S. Levine ◽  
J. E. Morley ◽  
N. E. Rowland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Maximal Energy ◽  
Brown Adipose

The role of insulin in metabolic efficiency (ME, i.e., efficiency of body wt gain) was examined under conditions of maximal energy expenditure in control and diabetic rats. Long-lasting insulin was administered using a protocol that did not affect food intake and increased ME in both groups. Half the animals were injected chronically with norepinephrine (NE). NE alone in controls decreased body weight and ME and increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) growth, thermogenic potential [cytochrome c oxidase activity (COA)], and lipoprotein lipases (LPL) activity; however, in diabetics, body weight, ME, and food intake all decreased and only BAT LPL activity and DNA content increased. The combination of NE and insulin increased BAT protein and COA in diabetics; in controls, all BAT measures were further increased and ME was intermediate to that of either treatment alone. Cold exposure decreased body weight and ME, increased food intake and qualitatively produced similar increases in BAT growth, COA, and LPL activity in both controls and diabetics. In diabetics, combined cold exposure and insulin did not affect the increase in BAT growth or LPL activity resulting from either treatment alone, but in controls this combination decreased BAT growth and COA. It is concluded that, even under conditions of maximal energy expenditure, both extremes of basal insulin status result in decreased BAT growth and thermogenic potential, but have opposite effects on ME.

Factors limiting the intake of feed by sheep. 14. Comparisons of voluntary feed consumption and various transactions in the alimentary tract between lambs and sheep fed roughage diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
RH Weston ◽  
JR Lindsay ◽  
DW Peter ◽  
DJ Buscall
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Proximal Colon ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
C 23 ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Free Body ◽  
Time Eating

Comparisons were made of the voluntary intake and digestion of diets based on chopped straw, chopped lucerne and ground lucerne by lambs (c. 23 kg body weight) and adult sheep (c. 53 kg), and of feed intake and digestion by larger lambs (c. 35 kg) and adult sheep (c. 53 kg) grazing senescent pasture. With both the chopped and ground diets the lambs (i) had digesta of finer texture, (ii) cleared larger particles (>600 �m sieve) more slowly from the rumen, (iii) cleared organic matter more rapidly from the omasum and caecum + proximal colon, and (iv) performed more rumination bites. With the chopped diets, digestibility and feed intake pcr unit metabolic body weight were similar for lambs and adults but the lambs (i) spent more time eating, (ii) had more digesta in the reticulorumen per unit reticulo-rumen digesta free body weight, (iii) clcarcd organic matter from the abomasum more rapidly, and (iv) had less ash in abomasal digesta (straw-based diet only). With the ground lucerne diet the lambs (i) consumed more feed per unit of metabolic body weight, (ii) regurgitated more rumination boluses and (iii) cleared organic matter more rapidly from the reticulorumen. At pasture, it was estimated that the lambs (i) consumed more feed per unit metabolic body weight, (ii) had more digesta in the reticulo-rumen per unit rcticulo-rumen digesta free body weight, (iii) clearcd organic matter more rapidly from the omasum and abomasum, (iv) tended to have digesta of finer texture and (v) had less ash in abomasal digesta (-64%). The differences between the lambs and adults and their possible implications arc discussed, and it is suggested that with lower-quality roughages the smaller lamb may be placed at a disadvantage, relative to the adult, because of an inability to exhibit a higher feed intake commensurate with its higher maintenance energy need.

scholarly journals Performance and Diet Digestibility of Male Garut Lamb Fed Ipomea reptans Seed

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad Haris Septian ◽  
Iman Hernaman ◽  
Rachmat Wiradimadja ◽  
Fransiskus Teguh Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The experiments aimed to study about the performance and diet digestibility of male Garut lamb were a diet containing  Ipomea reptans seeds. Twenty two Garut sheeps at the age of 6-8 months with an average body weight of 16.17±1.33 kg were divided into four diet treatments containing 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% Ipomea reptans seed and maintained for 10 weeks to measure the performance and digestibility of the diet. The study was conducted experimentally and the data collected and tested by Duncan’s test. The results showed that the use of Ipomea reptans seeds up to 30% increased (P<0.05) feed intake, average daily gain, dry and organic matter digestibility, but it had no effect on feed conversion. In Conclusion, the use of Ipomea reptans seed up to 30% yielded the best performance and diet digestibility and produced the same quality of diet.

scholarly journals Identification of blood immune and metabolic indicators explaining the variability of growth of pigs under contrasted sanitary conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Le Floc’h ◽  
F. Gondret ◽  
R. Resmond
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolic Changes ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Sanitary Conditions

Abstract Background Health and growth of pigs are affected by the hygiene of housing. Lower growth performance observed in poor hygiene of housing conditions is explained by reduced feed intake and metabolic changes caused by the activation of body defences. In a previous experiment, we reported contrasted average values of body weight gain, concentrations of circulating metabolites, redox and immune indicators in blood of pigs housed in good or poor hygiene conditions during the growing period. This study addressed inter-individual variability in these responses to determine whether a particular blood profile explains average daily gain (ADG) of the pig. Results The data originated from 160 growing pigs, half of which subjected to a hygiene challenge for 6 weeks (W0 to W6) and the others housed in good hygiene conditions. Pigs originated from two lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI). Individual body weights were recorded during this period, and relative ADG (rADGW0-W6) was calculated as the ADG corrected by the initial body weight measured at W0. Blood samples were taken before (W0) and 3 weeks (W3) after the beginning of the challenge. The analysed dataset consisted of 51 metabolites and indicators of immune and inflammatory responses measured on 136 pigs having no missing value for any variables, when calculated as the differences W3 minus W0 in circulating concentrations. An algorithm tested all possible linear regression models and then selected the best ones to explain rADGW0-W6. Six variables were identified across the best models and correlated with rADGW0-W6 with a goodness of fit (adjusted R2) of about 67%. They were changes in haptoglobin, global antioxidant capacity of plasma (Biological Antioxidant Power or BAP), free fatty acids, and 3 amino acids: leucine, tryptophan, and 1-methylhistidine. The effects of housing conditions and RFI lines were comprised in the variables of the selected models and none of these conditions improved accuracy of the predictive models, leading to genericity of the pinpointed metabolic changes in relation to variability of ADG. Conclusions This approach allows us to identify blood variables, whose changes in blood concentrations correlated to ADG under contrasted sanitary conditions.

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