Molecular Gas within the Milky Way's Nuclear Wind

We report the first direct detection of molecular hydrogen associated with the Galactic nuclear wind. The Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer spectrum of LS 4825, a B1 Ib–II star at l, b = 1.67°,−6.63° lying d = 9.9 − 0.8 + 1.4 kpc from the Sun, ∼1 kpc below the Galactic plane near the Galactic center, shows two high-velocity H2 components at v LSR = −79 and −108 km s−1. In contrast, the FUSE spectrum of the nearby (∼0.6° away) foreground star HD 167402 at d = 4.9 − 0.7 + 0.8 kpc reveals no H2 absorption at these velocities. Over 60 lines of H2 from rotational levels J = 0 to 5 are identified in the high-velocity clouds. For the v LSR = −79 km s−1 cloud we measure total log N(H2) ≥ 16.75 cm−2, molecular fraction f H 2 ≥ 0.8%, and T 01 ≥ 97 and T 25 ≤ 439 K for the ground- and excited-state rotational excitation temperatures. At v LSR = −108 km s−1, we measure log N(H2) = 16.13 ± 0.10 cm−2, f H 2 ≥ 0.5%, and T 01 = 77 − 18 + 34 and T 25 = 1092 − 117 + 149 K, for which the excited-state ortho- to para-H2 is 1.0 − 0.1 + 0.3 , much less than the equilibrium value of 3 expected for gas at this temperature. This nonequilibrium ratio suggests that the −108 km s−1 cloud has been recently excited and has not yet had time to equilibrate. As the LS 4825 sight line passes close by a tilted section of the Galactic disk, we propose that we are probing a boundary region where the nuclear wind is removing gas from the disk.

Differences in the standardization of medicinal products based on extracts of chondroitin sulfate

Objective: a comparative analysis of 6 different chondroprotectors for injection, containing chondroitin sulfate (CS) based on natural extracts.Material and methods. Five samples were studied for each CS extract. The preparations were compared on the basis of profiles of trace element composition, sulfur content, chromatographic analysis and test for total protein. In each sample, the concentration of 72 elements was determined, then averaging was performed and the variances of the content of each element were calculated. To assess the content of the protein fraction, a modified Lowry method with bicincholic acid was used. Chromatographic profiles of the studied CS extracts were measured to estimate the molecular weight distribution.Results. The studied samples differ significantly from each other in the total and individual content of sulfur, toxic and conditionally toxic microelements. According to the analysis of sulfur and trace elements, a cluster of more standardized CS extracts was identified. It was shown that the assessments of the pharmaceutical quality of the studied extracts made by the elemental profile, correspond to the assessments of the quality by the degree of proteins elimination and by the molecular weight characteristics of CS extracts. In particular, the highest total content of toxic elements was found for CS-6 (14.87±1.81 μg/l) and CS-2 (9.20±1.12 μg/l), and the lowest – for CS-4 (1.46±0.23 μg/l), CS-3 (1.92±0.33 μg/l) and CS-1 (2.98±0.25 μg/l). The highest content of protein impurities was also found in CS-6 (9.62 mg/ml) and CS-2 (6.64 mg/ml), and the lowest – in CS-1 (2.87 mg/ml). At the same time, the highest amount of sulfur was found CS-1 (6400 mg/kg) and much less – for CS-2 (370 mg/kg) and CS-6 (100 mg/kg). Significant amounts of the high-molecular fraction of CS (1–40 kDa) were found only in CS-1, and only trace amounts of high-molecular CS forms were present in CS-2 and CS-6.Conclusion. The highest content of cholesterol and sulfur and, at the same time, the lowest content of toxic microelements and proteins were distinguished by the extract obtained from the trachea of a bovine.

Level of hemoglobin among cow milk and camel milk consuming young children: A comparative study

Background Cow milk is an important source of macro-and micronutrients. However, it has low iron content but high content of casein and calcium thus could negatively influence hemoglobin synthesis. On the other hand, camel milk contains higher iron concentration than cow milk. In addition, the majority of iron in camel milk is associated with the lower molecular fraction of casein suggesting better bioavailability. Furthermore, vitamin C concentration, a useful iron absorption enhancer, is more than three-fold greater in camel milk than cow milk. This study compared hemoglobin concentration among young children consuming consistently cow milk or camel milk. Methods Hemoglobin concentration of young children (aged 6–59 mo) from settled pastoralist communities of the Somali region, Ethiopia, consistently consuming cow milk (n = 166) or camel milk (n = 166) was determined. In addition, socio-demographic and water, sanitation, and hygienic (WASH) conditions of study participants’ households were captured. Furthermore, dietary intake and anthropometric characteristics of participating children were assessed. Results Among the participating children, 38.6% were underweight, 33.4% were stunted, and 34.5% were wasted. In addition, 77.4% of children were anemic. The present study households had poor WASH conditions. Only 0.6% of children had the minimum acceptable dietary diversity. There was small but significant mean hemoglobin difference among camel milk and cow milk consuming children (9.6±1.8 g/dl vs 9.1±2.2 g/dl; p = 0.012). In addition, the odds of low hemoglobin concentration was greater among cow milk consuming children than camel milk consuming children [AOR 2.17; 95 CI; 1.39, 3.37; p = 0.001]. However, the overall anemia prevalence among the two groups was similar. Conclusion Camel milk consumption is associated with better hemoglobin concentration but may not be sufficient to prevent anemia in populations from resource poor settings. The etiology of anemia is multifactorial thus further studies on the link between milk consumption and hemoglobin concentration are important.

Determination of the concentration of low molecular fraction of Сandida Albicans proteins by ELISA method at subcutaneous introduction in candidiasis therapy

The purpose of this work was to determine the C. albicans protein concentration at the subcutaneous introduction. The therapeutic effect of C. albicans proteins has been studied in white mice. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with a suspension of C. albicans fungus. After five days and repeatedly, after 14 days, mice were infected subcutaneously with proteins of Candida cells of volume 0.2 mL. Fourteen days after each injection, the determination of the protective functions of the animal body has been carried out by the titer of specific C. albicans antibodies. According to the data obtained during studies on the treatment of candidiasis, it was found that in the subcutaneous administration after the first and second injection with a concentration of low molecular weight fraction of the C. albicans protein of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/mL antibodies titers have doubled, indicating a lack of activation of the body's protective functions. Proteins of low molecular weight fraction of C. albicans with concentrations 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/mL do not activate the body's defence mechanisms.

Research of low molecular fraction of C. albicans fungus cells by the ELISA in subcutaneous administration

The purpose of this work is a study of low molecular weight fraction with C. albicans protein concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/ml by antibody titers in subcutaneous administration. A low molecular fraction of C. albicans proteins in concentration 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg/ml has been studied in white mice. Mice have subcutaneously injected 0.2 ml of the test fraction into the upper part of the right hind paw. After 14 days, 0.2 ml of test fractions were injected repeatedly into the upper part of the left hind paw. 1 month for one group and 3 months for the second group of experimental animals after the second injection intraperitoneal infection of the animals was carried out. After 14 days, determination of the protective functions of the animal body by titer of C. albicans specific antibodies has been performed by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Studies have shown that the low molecular weight fraction of C. albicans fungi cells antigens at the double subcutaneous injection of 0.2 ml does not provide the activation of immune mechanisms. The low molecular weight fraction of C. albicans proteins at subcutaneous administration does not activate the body's defense mechanisms in preventing candidiasis.

Extending the view of ArH+ chemistry in diffuse clouds

Context. One of the surprises of the Herschel mission was the detection of ArH+ towards the Crab Nebula in emission and in absorption towards strong Galactic background sources. Although these detections were limited to the first quadrant of the Galaxy, the existing data suggest that ArH+ ubiquitously and exclusively probes the diffuse atomic regions of the interstellar medium. Aims. In this study, we extend the coverage of ArH+ to other parts of the Galaxy with new observations of its J = 1−0 transition along seven Galactic sight lines towards bright sub-millimetre continuum sources. We aim to benchmark its efficiency as a tracer of purely atomic gas by evaluating its correlation (or lack of correlation as suggested by chemical models) with other well-known atomic gas tracers such as OH+ and H2O+ and the molecular gas tracer CH. Methods. The observations of the J = 1−0 line of ArH+ near 617.5 GHz were made feasible with the new, sensitive SEPIA660 receiver on the APEX 12 m telescope. Furthermore, the two sidebands of this receiver allowed us to observe the NKaKc = 11,0−10,1 transitions of para-H2O+ at 607.227 GHz simultaneously with the ArH+ line. Results. We modelled the optically thin absorption spectra of the different species and subsequently derived their column densities. By analysing the steady state chemistry of OH+ and o-H2O+, we derive on average a cosmic-ray ionisation rate, ζp(H), of (2.3 ± 0.3) × 10−16 s−1 towards the sight lines studied in this work. Using the derived values of ζp(H) and the observed ArH+ abundances we constrain the molecular fraction of the gas traced by ArH+ to lie below 2 × 10−2 with a median value of 8.8 × 10−4. Combined, our observations of ArH+, OH+, H2O+, and CH probe different regimes of the interstellar medium, from diffuse atomic to diffuse and translucent molecular clouds. Over Galactic scales, we see that the distribution of N(ArH+) is associated with that of N(H), particularly in the inner Galaxy (within 7 kpc of the Galactic centre) with potentially even contributions from the warm neutral medium phase of atomic gas at larger galactocentric distances. We derive an average ortho-to-para ratio for H2O+ of 2.1 ± 1.0, which corresponds to a nuclear spin temperature of 41 K, consistent with the typical gas temperatures of diffuse clouds.

Research of antibody titres to antigens of a low molecular fraction of C. Albicans fungus disintegrate at preventing candidomicosis

The purpose of this work is the study of antibody titers of low molecular weight proteins fractions less than ten kDa with C. Albicans protein concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/ml in the prevention of candidiasis. A low molecular fraction of C. Albicans proteins in concentration 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/ml were examined in white mice. The mice were intramuscularly injected into the upper part of the right hind paw 0.2 ml of the test fractions with the investigated protein concentrations. After 14 days, 0.2 ml of test fractions were injected again into the upper part of the left hind paw. Animals in the control group were administered saline. After one month for one group and after three months for the second group of experimental animals after the second injection, intraperitoneal infection of the animals was carried out. For this purpose, a suspension of C. Albicans fungi was used in the amount of 20 million cells in a volume of 1 ml. After 14 days, determination of the protective functions of the animal body by the titer of specific C. Albicans antibodies has been performed during enzyme-linked immunoassay. Studies have shown that the low molecular weight fraction of C. Albicans fungi cells antigens with protein concentrations of 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/ml at a double intramuscular injection of 0.2 ml does not provide activation of immune mechanisms. The low molecular weight fraction of C. Albicans proteins does not activate the body's defence mechanisms.

Protein-proteinase complex of wheat after long-term storage

The article presents the results of evaluating the protein complex of wheat from different growing areas, stored in the silos of elevators for 6 years. It is shown that the protein content and quantity and quality of gluten changes slightly during long-term storage; the main fraction of wheat protein substances is a low molecular fraction up to 3 kD. There were no changes in the milling and baking characteristics of wheat for the period of 4-6 years of storage.

Prebiotic Activity of Poly- and Oligosaccharides Obtained from Plantago major L. Leaves

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prebiotic potential of Plantago major L. leaves water-extractable polysaccharide (PWPs) and its lower molecular fractions. The structure of PWPs was investigated by high pressure anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), size exclusion chromatography coupled with multi-angle laser light scattering detector (SEC-MALLS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The chemical composition and monosaccharide analyses showed that galacturonic acid was the main monosaccharide of PWPs followed by glucose, arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and xylose. FTIR study indicated a strong characteristic absorption peak at 1550 cm−1 corresponding to the vibration of COO− group of galacturonic acid. The PWPs was subjected to hydrolysis using commercial enzymes to obtain P. major low molecular fraction (PLM) which was successively separated by size exclusion chromatography on Biogel P2. PWPs and PLM were examined for in vitro prebiotic activity using various assays. Results gave evidence for changes in optical density of the bacteria cells and pH of the growth medium. A heterofermentative process with a lactate/acetate ratio ranged from 1:1 to 1:5 was observed. The ability of PLM to stimulate the production of certain probiotic bacteria glycohydrolases and to be fermented by Lactobacillus sp. strains was successfully proved.