Development of dairy cattle breeding in the Tambov region

The article shows that dairy farming is one of the most dynamically developing branches of agriculture, existing under the influence of internal and external environments, defined as: compliance with the breed standard, medical standards for milk consumption, increased investment in the industry, its resource potential. On the basis of a retrospective analysis, the evolution of technological structures in dairy cattle breeding in Russia is considered: pre-industrial, collective farming with agricultural mechanization, industrial, intensive technocratic, biotechnological. In addition, on the basis of the organizational and economic analysis of dairy cattle breeding in the Tambov region, the trends of its functioning have been determined: a decrease in the self-sufficiency of the region’s population with milk and dairy products; destructuring of the production sector with an increase in the share of enterprises with low-intensity and extensive milk production; low intensity of reproduction of a herd of cattle; a wide variety of breed composition of dairy cattle. It was found that agricultural enterprises of the region, as a rule, specializing in the development of dairy cattle breeding, choose the direction of organizing a purebred herd with standardized exterior features. This is a fundamentally different way of breeding work from all-Russian trends. On the basis of the research carried out, the priority directions of the development of dairy cattle breeding in an innovation-oriented context are substantiated.

An Evaluation of Dr. Ambedkar’s Economic Thought on Agriculture in the context of Globalization

Bharat Ratna Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: an eminent socio-economic thinker and epoch-maker shaped the economic destiny of India by introducing many tenets of the State Socialism into the Constitution of free India. He was a post-graduate of Columbia University (U.S.) and obtained his doctoral degree in economics from there in 1917 and D.Sc. degree in 1921 from the renowned London School of Economics. Abroad, he shared his thoughts with distinguished economists like Prof. Seligman and Prof. Cannon. He had a short stint with Sydenham College Bombay as a lecturer in economics during 1918 -20. His economic thoughts are spread over a plethora of pages, speeches, and statements made in various capacities. He was the first to co-relate the evils of untouchability and the caste system with the economic system. It was to his credit that financial and economic provisions were entered into the Law of the Land i.e. Constitution of India. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was much more than a mere economic thinker. He was a philosopher, social thinker, a fantastic scholar, a leader, a political activist, an apostle, and a savior of millions – a true architect of an egalitarian society. Such a person can only be a revolutionary at heart. Above all these attributes, he was the noble visionary aspiring for a peaceful and prosperous world without malice.Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy many problems like land reforms, fragmentation, and subdivision of land were discussed by Dr. Ambedkar threadbare. The problems are still current and are further aggravated by the density of population and urbanization. The size of landholding is getting diminished day by day causing innumerable misery to the farmers. The marginalization of land is marginalizing the landholders on large scale. Dr. Ambedkar foresaw all this and emphasized the inability of consolidation and other means of increasing the size. He was aware that any system of equitable distribution of land and land reforms would be inadequate for the singular reason that there is no ample land relative to population. Therefore he felt that collectivism was the only answer for problems of agriculture. This was in tune with the welfare State visualized then. Collective farming would reap the advantages of large-scale production which would increase labor productivity. He was for the growth and development of agro-based industries and the industrialization of the rural areas. This is his view would enhance the employment of workers and the land-less. Dr. Ambedkar proposed collective farming in a slightly different way from communes. The proprietary rights would remain with respective farmers but they would not be permitted to cultivate lands unless they join with adjoining farms. In case it was not done then the government should interfere and acquire lands after paying appropriate compensation. The land so acquired should be divided into equal holdings and should be given to the villagers for cultivation. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar justified the government interference saying that non-interference of government would mean private autocracy. While discussing the problem of subdivision he emphasized that the absence of the law of primogeniture (the property should rest with firstborn) led to non-economic holding. He defined his concept of economic holding on the basis of a family unit. The land should be adequate enough to provide employment to whole family and must be able to provide subsistence to the family. His was scientific and hence the holistic approach in a sense.

A Critical Analysis of Mode of Functioning of Women Collective Farming Groups in Palakkad District of Kerala State

Collective farming aims to bring significant changes among farmwomen through increased agricultural production and productivity. The present study was undertaken to analyse the ‘mode of functioning of different women collective farming groups’ in Palakkad district of Kerala during 2017-2018 by the ex-post-facto research design with a sample size of 90 groups. The result revealed that the majority (67.78%) of the collective women groups were formed by the support of local self- governing bodies. The groups concentrated on location-based farming activities and the reason might be that these groups were operating at the grassroots level obliviously they got full support from the local bodies. Freedom of participation in the group process was expressed by 65.56 per cent of the participants. Three-fourth (75.56%) of respondents expressed that decision-making in groups done with consensus brings strong coherence among the members. Attendance of members in group meetings/activities was expressed by 84.44 per cent of the respondents. Further, the function of record maintenance was expressed by 92.20 per cent of the respondents which helped them to analyse and review the past activities with existing ones. There was 84.44 per cent of benefits sharing among the group members equally and the remaining 15.56 per cent of them were keeping some amount as corpus fund for the group. In nutshell, to strengthen the women collective farming groups, one must facilitate the groups to acquire strong communication process, decision making and mutual trust, transparency in benefit sharing, risk taking etc., which will help the groups to take up agriculture and allied activities in a sustained manner.

Contribution of Farmer’s Profile Characteristics to the Perception of Collective Farming in Tirunelveli District, India

Collective Farming Scheme was implemented in the year 2017-2018 by the Government of Tamil Nadu, India to empower the farmers and their access to modern technologies. This study aimed to ascertain the contribution of the profile characteristics to the perception of collective farming. The study was conducted in Alangulam block of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. Data were collected through a well structured interview schedule with 120 farmers selected from four villages (Vadiyoor, Melamaruthappapuram, Ayyanarkulam and Sivalarulam). Regression analysis was carried out to determine the contribution of 12 selected farmer’s profile characteristics to the perception of collective farming. Social participation, training and innovativeness were the major factors that positively and significantly contributed to the perception of collective farming. For the better perception and practice of collective farming awareness from the state department or extension officials can be provided to the farmers along with the advantages of collective farming.

Коренные народы Охотско-колымского края в годы Великой Отечественной войны

Based on archival sources, the author analyzes the situation of the indigenous peoples of the Okhotsk-Kolyma territory during the Great Patriotic War. The government continued to implement paternalistic social policies: the development of housing and social infrastructure in the areas where indigenous peoples live, improvement of medical care and education, and vocational training. It is shown that most indigenous peoples, involved with collective farming worked disciplinedly and responsibly in areas related to traditional nature management (reindeer herding, fishing, fur hunting). With their labor and personal donations, the indigenous people made a feasible contribution to the victory. The indigenous peoples also fought on the front and served in the rear troops.

Japan's Changing Regional World of Welfare: Agricultural Reform, Hamlet-based Collective Farming, and the Local Renegotiation of Social Risks

This article analyzes agricultural reform as an element of broader shifts in the Japanese welfare regime. In postwar Japan, agricultural support and protection served as a "functional equivalent" to welfare provision in rural and semi-rural areas. However, an ongoing agricultural reform process has put pressure on aging smallholders and on JA, the powerful organization of agricultural cooperatives. This article investigates how these local actors have responded to an increasingly hostile socio-economic and political environment. To address this question, the article focuses on hamlet-based collective farming, which is a form of agricultural production that can reproduce the welfare character of the postwar support and protection regime on the local level. Based on field research in several rural and semi-rural communities, the article argues that the functions and the local proliferation of hamlet-based farming are shaped by village institutions: hamlet-level norms and rules governing land use and agricultural cooperation, as well as social ties between hamlets, local co-ops, and local governments. While the integration of village institutions into local cooperative and administrative structures can support a systematic local proliferation of collective farming, municipal and cooperative mergers have rendered such comprehensive local responses more complicated. More generally, the article proposes to investigate local acts of recombining community ties and norms with changing macro policies as a promising analytical angle to understand the ongoing renegotiation of East Asian welfare regimes.