Different Gene Expression Response of Polish and Australian Raphidiopsis raciborskii Strains to the Chill/Light Stress

R. raciborskii is known for growing under wide ranges of temperature and light. In temperate regions, however, low temperature and high light may serve as a stressful condition for invading tropical populations. The genetic basis of R. raciborskii’s adaptation to this combination of stresses are unknown. In this study, the growth rate and the expression of genes that may be crucial in the response to the chill/light stress of two R. raciborskii strains (differing in their climatic origin and toxicity) exposed to low temperature and high light were examined. Results showed that AMU-DH-30, a non CYN (cylindrospermopsin) producing strain isolated from the temperate region, exhibited under stress the upregulation of genes involved in the protein translation (rbp1, nusG, hflX), membrane fluidity (desA), photosynthetic activity (ccr2 and ftsH), and the accumulation of compatible solutes (asd). In contrast, a CYN producing Australian strain CS-505 was not able to adapt quickly and to continue growth during stress conditions. Intriguingly, CS-505 and AMU-DH-30 had a similar ability to resume growth when the stress conditions subsided. Moreover, in strain CS-505 the cyrB gene was significantly upregulated under the stress conditions. The presented results shed new light on the possible mechanisms involved in the response of R.raciborskii to chill/light stress.

Antibiotic in myrrh from Commiphora molmol preferentially kills nongrowing bacteria

Aim: To demonstrate that myrrh oil preferentially kills nongrowing bacteria and causes no resistance development. Method: Growth inhibition was determined on regular plates or plates without nutrients, which were later overlaid with soft agar containing nutrients to continue growth. Killing experiments were done in broth and in buffer without nutrients. Results: Bacterial cells were inhibited preferentially in the absence of nutrients or when growth was halted by a bacteriostatic antibiotic. After five passages in myrrh oil, surviving colonies showed no resistance to the antibiotic. Conclusion: Myrrh oil has the potential to be a commercially viable antibiotic that kills persister cells and causes no resistance development. This is a rare example of an antibiotic that can preferentially kill nongrowing bacteria.

Value System Efficiency on Product Features of Premium Two Wheelers in Tamilnadu

This study has been carried to find out what factors influence the consumer buying behavior of premium segment motorcycle customers which follows consumer oriented marketing philosophy .The primary focus of this study is to learn the consumer wants , needs and behavior of the specific target market. An intuitive understanding of the premium motorcycle consumer behavior is the key to the growth of premium segment motorcycle manufacturers to be highly successful in the future. These highly priced premium segment motorcycle companies are highly centered on understanding the customers to continue growth and sustain their market position in the industry even in times of tough competition and changing business environments. This study investigates on the expectation of Consumers in Initial, Pick up, Mileage, Riding Comfort, Safety features and Key Accessories Cum Tyre Tube at the point of sale and the same consumers’ satisfaction level after purchase the vehicles. Whether there is any mismatch between before Purchase and after purchase, if yes, in which brand, it was found in this study. This consumer research study is highly helpful particularly for the potential buyers on taking up strategic managerial decisions whether to buy premium two wheelers, if yes which brand.

A Bumpy Pathway to Stationary-Phase Survival in Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis cells can mount a number of responses to nutritional deprivation but ultimately either form dormant spores or enter a metabolically quiescent state. In a recent article (mBio 10:e01414-19, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01414-19, 2019), R. Hashuel and S. Ben-Yehuda report on a novel means by which nutrient-starved B. subtilis cells escape from aging (days-old) colonies by accumulating mutations enabling them to continue growth under nutrient-limited conditions. They postulate that such a strategy may be a major factor determining the dynamics of bacterial populations in natural environments.

Researching Eating Disorders and Body Image in Sport: Challenges and Recommendations

The number of studies examining eating disorders and body image in sport has increased, although several major challenges associated with conducting this research must be addressed to continue growth. In this paper, we describe these challenges based on our professional experiences and the academic literature. Mistrust of researchers and the area of study, communication gaps, and factors that affect data quality are among the strong barriers discussed. However, we suggest that these challenges may be addressed by building stronger partnerships between researchers and practitioners and offer critical steps for developing meaningful professional relationships that will help move the field forward.

Russian agriculture will continue growth surge

Subject Record grain production in Russia. Significance Grain production had a record year in 2017 and is expected to be high in 2018 if conditions hold up. Exports, too, are at high levels. Other areas of farming including the livestock sector are also showing growth. Impacts Growth in the agricultural sector is forecast at 3% in 2018 and this should be attainable. Federal support for agriculture in 2018 will total 242 billion rubles (4.2 billion dollars), a 30% increase on 2014 in nominal terms. Vegetable and fruit growers will benefit most from Russia's continuing food import ban.

Syndecan functions to regulate Wnt-dependent axon guidance in C. elegans

Cell adhesion molecules are key to axon guidance during development, for example specific cues can instruct axons to terminate in a specific area, or to continue growth. Syndecans are conserved cell-surface receptors that function in multiple developmental contexts. Caenorhabditis elegans with mutations in the single syndecan gene, sdn-1, exhibited errors in anterior-posterior guidance, with axons that stopped short of, or grew past their stereotypical termination point. Syndecan function was cell non-autonomous for GABAergic axon outgrowth during early development, but was likely cell autonomous to inhibit growth later in development. sdn-1 appeared to regulate the inhibitory activity of the egl-20/Wnt ligand. Removing egl-20 from sdn-1 mutants resulted in fewer animals with prematurely terminating axons. The proteoglycan modifying enzymes hse-5 and hst-2, but not hst-6, had similar effects, suggesting specific heparan sulfate modifications regulated EGL-20 axon-terminating activity. sdn-1 functioned with lin-17/Frizzled, bar-1/β-catenin and the egl-5 Hox-like transcription factor in EGL-20-depedent axon outgrowth. bar-1 was required for egl-5 expression in the most posterior GABAergic neurons. sdn-1 mutations did not eliminate egl-5 expression, but over-expression of egl-5 rescued sdn-1 phenotypes. Our results suggest syndecan is a component of Wnt-signaling events that are necessary for axons to recognize appropriate termination points.

Examination of the Responses of Different Genotypes of Citrus to Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) Under Different Conditions

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. The causal agent of HLB in Florida is thought to be ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’. In this work, we examined the responses of 30 different genotypes of citrus to Florida isolates of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ under controlled conditions in the greenhouse or growth room. Although ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ was able to multiply in all of the plants, a wide range of responses was observed among different hosts. Based on the symptoms developed and the ability of plants to continue growth, the different genotypes were grouped into four categories: sensitive, which exhibited severe chlorosis on leaves, greatly reduced growth, and eventual death; moderately tolerant, which exhibited some scattered distinct symptoms but little or no growth reduction and no plant death; tolerant, which exhibited very minimal symptoms; and genotypes, which exhibited variable reactions. Interestingly, although ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ was unevenly distributed within each particular plant, comparison of titers of the bacterium in different citrus genotypes revealed that most accumulated similar levels of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’, demonstrating that there is no strict correlation between bacterial titer and severity of disease. Incubation of infected plants in the growth room with continuous light greatly affected symptoms production by reducing the time before distinctive symptoms developed and significantly increasing severity of chlorosis of leaves of all citrus genotypes. These results provide additional evidence of the correlation between disruption of phloem translocation of carbohydrates during HLB infection and the appearance of chlorotic symptoms in leaves of infected trees. We also examined interaction between ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ and Citrus tristeza virus, which usually occurs in trees that become infected with HLB, and found no synergistic effect of the two pathogens. We trust that observations reported here will provide reagents for further examination of the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’–citrus interaction to advance the understanding of how ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ causes disease and to develop methods or trees to overcome the disease.