Sharing Manufacturer’s Demand Information in a Supply Chain with Price and Service Effort Competition

Problem definition: This paper investigates the issue of sharing the private demand information of a manufacturer that sells a product to retailers competing on prices and service efforts. Academic/practical relevance: In the existing literature, which ignores service effort competition, it is known that demand signaling induces an informed manufacturer to distort the wholesale price downward, which benefits the retailers, and so, they do not have any incentive to receive the manufacturer’s private information. In practice, many manufacturers share demand information with their retailers that compete on prices and service efforts (e.g., demand-enhancing retail activities), a setting that has not received much attention from the literature. Methodology: We develop a game-theoretic model with one manufacturer selling to two competing retailers and solve for the equilibrium of the game. Results: We show how an informed manufacturer may distort the wholesale price upward or downward to signal demand information to the retailers, depending on the cost of service effort, the intensity of effort competition, and the number of uninformed retailers. We fully characterize the impact of such wholesale price distortion on the firms’ incentive to share information and derive the conditions under which the manufacturer shares information with none, one, or both of the retailers. We derive conditions under which a higher cost of service effort makes the retailers or the manufacturer better off. Managerial implications: Our results provide novel insights about how service effort competition impacts the incentives for firms in a supply chain to share a manufacturer’s private demand information. For instance, when the cost of effort is high or service effort competition is intense, a manufacturer should share information with none or some, but not all, of the retailers.

Analysis of the economic impact on a sporting event. Nea regional college games. 2019 edition

This work is a contribution to the economics field of sport, considering the objective main application of the input-output model to the assessment of economic impact of a sporting events, taking as a case study "Regional University Games NEA 2019". In addition, it is proposed to study the different dimensions of the event's legacy, directly associated with the concept of impact. Thus, this model makes it possible to evaluate the impact of a specific public policy or private demand to stimulate economic activity through a specific sector, sport in this case. To do so, they employ the multipliers of the Argentinian input product matrix and surveys to reveal the consumption of the organizers and participants of the event. All this, with the intention of adding rationality criteria to the decisions made by both public and private sports organizations. It is important to mention that this study joins the lines of research widely studied by Salgado Barandela, Barajas and Sánchez Fernández (2017) on the subject developed mainly in Europe and the United States, not having found academic references in Argentina or Latin America on the subject. The results indicate that these games have generated an additional boost to the demand for goods and services of the host city and the generation of both economic and social legacy has been verified.

Poptávková inovační politika: Podpora elektromobility v českých regionech

Innovation policy strives to support the creation and dissemination of innovation. For this purpose, it mainly uses tools that stimulate innovation supply, but in recent years, it has also increasingly implemented demand-oriented tools such as public procurement, support for private demand and regulation. The innovation policy defined in this way pursues not only economic goals but also the fulfillment of various societal challenges. Therefore, it is often associated with the promotion of environmental innovations that lead to green growth and climate change mitigation. In this context, electromobility is significantly promoted in European countries. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the possibilities of linking cohesion policy and demand-side innovation policy, and to analyse the practical implementation of such a policy in the Czech regions. The analysis incorporates 519 projects supported through the Low Carbon Technologies programme within the OP EIC 2014-2020. More than 50% of projects were implemented in the three most populated regions, namely the South Moravian, Central Bohemian and Moravia-Silesian regions. These regions also accounted for more than half of the EU subsidy. The most frequent beneficiaries by legal form were micro and small enterprises. A significant group also consists of self-employed persons, which represented 21.8 % of beneficiaries.

Japan’s Suga will focus on structural reform

Significance All this and more will be necessary as he confronts entrenched interests embedded by decades of rarely interrupted Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) rule. Impacts It is now accepted that fiscal stimulus will continue into the indefinite future. With interest rates near zero and insufficient private demand, there will be little concern about deficits. ‘Digitalisation’ will be a major focus for Suga, creating opportunities for the IT sector.

Neoliberal Reforms in Higher Education and the Import of Institutions

The implementation of neoliberal reforms in higher education coincides with the radical institutional changes in the transition from a planned to a market economy. The modernization of higher education is also connected with the concept of the “entrepreneurial” university that represents a third-generation university with an emphasis on optimization and marketing. However, economic policy aimed at reforming and developing the public sector is based on the import of institutions related to the production of public and mixed goods. In this paper, we show that neoliberal reforms threaten the welfare state in transition economies such as the Russian Federation. In addition to marketing, monetization, and commercialization, all areas of the public sector underwent an optimization policy, which primarily implied a relative reduction in the cost of producing public goods. The rhetoric of the marketing of education represents the modern state’s masked refusal to fulfill a part of its social obligations. Moreover, we argue that market channels intended for financing education are highly dependent on the income level of the population, the availability of institutions and the infrastructure for raising funds, and, most importantly, the development of the educational services market. Within this context, another significant factor is represented by the positive externalities from the prevalence and quality of education. Thence, our results show that insufficient private demand for education, including higher education, can negatively affect the prospects for the country’s socio-economic development in the medium and long run.

Why the Concept of Private Demand for Innovations Should Be Understand: The case of ex-YU countries

This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of private demand for innovation in the context of the ex-YU countries such as Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Macedonia from 2011 to 2016. One key variable for the importance of demand for innovation is the buyer sophistication. This signals the ability of buyers to select products and services based on performance rather than price and to bear the cost of products at the beginning of the life cycle. The companies that face a sophisticated domestic market are likely to sell high quality products and a close proximity to such consumers should to enables the company to better understand the needs and desires of the customers and how they perceive the value of the product. For cultural or historical reasons, buyers may be more demanding in some countries than in others. Hence, оur start point is that “higher degrees of buyer sophistication can to explain higher shares of innovative sales” (Hollanders and Es-Sadki, 2017, p. 42) and opposite “lower shares of innovative sales could to explain lower degrees of buyer sophistication” in the above countries. Thus, our analysis relies on two key indicators, the “buyer sophistication” and the “sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm product innovations”, which are including, the first in the Global Competitiveness Report and the second, in the European Innovation Scoreboard. Looking at the results, it can be noted that Serbia has a big gap between the two indicators, so the extent of buyer sophistication is lower from the extent of innovative sales. Аs business leaders make a subjective assessment of the GCR’s indicator Buyer sophistication, it can be assumed that Serbian business leaders assess the sophistication of domestic customers much lower than it is. This example is somewhat similar to the Slovenian business leaders. These two countries achieve the same level of sales of innovative products, while Macedonia and Croatia are in the same group and have lower sales of innovative products. This finding calls for demand-oriented policies which would have to influence the innovation culture in the market, making buyers more risk taking, aware of innovations and empower them to buy and use them.

Portrait of the Theatre Director as an Artist

In France, the theatrical field is split between a commercial pole and a public pole. Within the latter, theatre directors occupy a central position. They monopolize public subsidies, run theatre-related institutions and receive most of the symbolic rewards. As a result of their efforts, theatre direction has gained recognition as a work of art, but at the cost of conflicts with actors and playwrights. Furthermore, thanks to government intervention, they have neutralized the need to adjust to private demand. However, their success is still limited by several factors. Theatre directors are subjected to several types of axiological criticism revolving around their excessive integration into the state apparatus. Artification is largely dependent on state intervention, and above all, the immaterial and temporary nature of a theatrical performance contradicts the western conception of the work of art, which is understood as something enduring (as with paintings and books).

THE PRIVATE DEMAND FOR INNOVATION: THE CASE OF EX - YU COUNTRIES

In the era of high sophisticated technology, the innovation is recognized as a key driver towards better national competitiveness and economic growth, creating opportunities for better employment and better responding to global social challenges. At the company level however, innovation improves efficiency, boosts company productivity and provides numerous benefits to the consumers. Being identified as a key variable for the importance of demand for innovation, buyer sophistication signals the ability of buyers to select products and services based on performance rather than price. Furthermore, the companies witnessing more sophisticated domestic market are likely to sell products with higher quality and to better understand the customers’ needs and how they perceive the value of the product. This paper aims to provide a comparative analysis of private demand for innovation in selected ex- YU countries using the two key indicators: “buyer sophistication” and “sales of new-to-market and new-to-firm product innovations for the period 2011-2016. Although sharing the same socio-political and historical background, the analysis of these selected countries show significant discrepancies among their business leaders’ assessments about the level of their customer demand for innovation and business sophistication.