The Water Footprint of Primary and Secondary Processing of Beef from Different Cattle Breeds: A Value Fraction Allocation Model

The high water intake and wastewater discharge of slaughterhouses have been a concern for many years. One neglected factor in previous research is allocating the water footprint (WF) to beef production’s different products and by-products. The objective of this article was to estimate the WF of different cattle breeds at a slaughterhouse and cutting plant and allocate it according to the different cuts (products) and by-products of beef based on the value fraction of each. The results indicated a negative relationship between the carcass weight and the processing WF when the different breeds were compared. Regarding a specific cut of beef, a kilogram of rib eye from the heaviest breed had a processing WF of 614.57 L/kg, compared to the 919.91 L/kg for the rib eye of the lightest breed. A comparison of the different cuts indicated that high-value cuts had higher WFs than low-value cuts. The difference between a kilogram of rib eye and flank was 426.26 L/kg for the heaviest breed and 637.86 L/kg for the lightest breed. An option to reduce the processing WF of beef is to lessen the WF by slaughtering heavier animals. This will require no extra investment from the slaughterhouse. At the same time, the returns should increase as the average production inputs per kilogram of output (carcass) should reduce, as the slaughterhouse will process more kilograms.

THE EFFECT OF HIGH DIETARY LEVELS OF PALM OIL AND SALT ON THE PERFORMANCE AND MEAT QUALITY OF CHICKENS

Day-old male broiler chicks totaling 480 were randomized in to eight diets with 24% crude protein and either 0.3, 5.0. 10.0, or 15.0% NaCl and 0, 5.0, 10.0 or 15.0% palm oil. The high levels of dietary oil improved the growth rate of the birds with a preferential development of the thigh and breast which probably accounted for an apparent better conformation and finish of the birds. levels of salt of 5% and above exerted opposite effects to the high dietary fat and appeared toxic. Flavor and the overall acceptability of meat of the chickens benefited from high levels of palm oil but not of salt in the diet. A high-water intake induced by high levels of salt was responsible for high moisture content of the litter.

SO090EVALUATING PAIN IN AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Background and Aims Chronic pain is prevalent in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and is associated with a substantial quality of life burden. Literature describing ADPKD-related chronic pain (ACP) is limited, and generic pain management strategies are suboptimal with patients often reporting inadequate relief. Furthermore, the absence of a validated and widely accepted pain assessment tool (PAT) in ADPKD has posed a significant barrier to better pain management and research. We established an ADPKD PAT (APAT) and confirmed its feasibility and validity through administration to ADPKD patients participating in a randomised high water intake trial (NCT02933268). Method A collaboration of key stakeholders (patients, ADPKD experts, trialists and pain specialists) constructed an ADPKD pain conceptual framework consisting of eight prioritized pain assessment domains. We constructed an APAT from components of previously validated pain assessment tools covering each of the prioritized pain domains. The finalized APAT was administered to participants in a feasibility trial which randomised adult ADPKD patients with an eGFR≥20mls/min/1.73m2 to prescribed high water intake (HW) or ad libitum water intake (AW group) over eight weeks. Participants were asked to complete the APAT at least twice (baseline and week 8), although more frequent submissions were permitted. Results 93% (39/42) of trial participants with CKD stages 1-4 completed a total of 129 questionnaires. Each participant completed a median of 3 (range 1-10) questionnaires. In terms of baseline characteristics; mean age of respondents was 47±13 years, 90% (35) were White British ethnicity, and 59% (23) were female. Median disease duration was 14.2 (IQR 7.0-25.9) years, 69% had enlarged kidneys, 64% had hypertension and hepatic cysts were present in 59%. Pain (52%) and associated analgesic use (29%) were prevalent. Participants with pain were more likey to report interference with mobility (25% vs 0%), self-care (20% vs 0%) and usual activities (31% vs 1%) compared to those with no pain (p<0.001. Pain was also associated with a higher risk of anxiety and depression (RR 2.97, CI 1.70-5.20, p=0.000). Pain severity was predicted by traditional risk factors of disease progression including increasing age (OR 1.07, p=0.009), eGFR<60mls/min/1.73m2 (OR 5.45, p=0.021), and hypertension (OR 12.11, p=0.007), but not kidney size, consistent with findings of previous studies. Neuropathic descriptors were not commonly used, while continuous and intermittent descriptors were more frequently selected by patients to describe their pain quality (figure). The APAT achieved good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient =0.91) and test-retest reliability was demonstrated with domain intra-class correlation coefficients ranging from 0.62-0.90. Conclusion A bespoke APAT including components of previously validated pain assessment tools was reliable in evaluating pain in patients with ADPKD, and was acceptable to participants. Pain was prevalent among participants and associated with a substantial emotional and physical burden. The APAT represents a viable instrument for standardised evaluation of ADPKD pain in observational and interventional research.

High water intake and low urine osmolality are associated with favorable metabolic profile at a population level: low vasopressin secretion as a possible explanation

Purpose Elevated plasma concentration of the vasopressin marker copeptin and low water intake are associated with elevated blood glucose and diabetes risk at a population level. Moreover, in individuals with low urine volume and high urine osmolality (u-Osm), water supplementation reduced fasting plasma (fp) copeptin and fp-glucose. In this observational study, we investigated if low total water intake or high u-Osm correlated with high fp-copeptin and components of the metabolic syndrome at the population level. Methods In the population-based Malmö Offspring Study (MOS, n = 2599), fp-copeptin and u-Osm from morning urine samples were measured, and diet and total water intake (from beverages and food moisture) was assessed by a 4-day web-based record. Results Increasing water intake by tertile was after adjustment for age and sex associated with low fp-triglycerides (p = 0.002) and high fp-HDL (p = 0.004), whereas there was no association with the other investigated metabolic traits (HbA1c, fp-glucose, BMI or waist circumference). Increasing u-Osm by tertile was, after adjustment for age and sex, associated with high fp-glucose (p = 0.007), and borderline significantly associated with high HbA1c (p = 0.053), but no association was observed with fp-HDL, fp-triglycerides, BMI or waist circumference. Fp-copeptin concentration correlated significantly with water intake (r = − 0.13, p < 0.001) and u-Osm (r = 0.27, p < 0.001). High copeptin was associated with all investigated metabolic traits (p < 0.001 for all). Conclusion Low concentrations of the vasopressin marker copeptin is linked to high water intake, low u-Osm, and a favorable metabolic profile, suggesting that vasopressin lowering lifestyle interventions, such as increased water intake, may promote metabolic health.

Dietary Restriction: A Major Factor in Prophylaxis against Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis

Urolithiasis (Ur) Is A Worldwide Problem That Affects All Groups Of Ages. Nearly 80% Of Renal Stones Are Calcium Oxalate (Cao) And 50% Of The Affected Patients Have Recurrent Disease Within 10 Years. Our Prospective Study Was Conducted Over 4 And ½ Years And Evaluated The Role Of Dietary Manipulation In Prophylaxis Against Cao Ur. A Total Of 212 Patients With Recurrent Cao Ur, Who Lacked Anatomical Or Metabolic Derangement, Were Subjected To A Practical And Specific Diet. The Latter Had: (A) Low Salt, Red-Meat And Green Leafy Vegetable, (B) Moderate Amounts Of Milk, Dairy Products, Poultry And Certain Fish-Items, And (C) High Water Intake (2 Liters/Day). A Total Of 66/70 (96%), 87/108(88%) And 146/167(87.4%) Patients Were Stone-Free By The End Of 1, 2 And 3 Years Of Follow Up. The Median Time For Stone-Free Duration Was 33 (28.7-37.3) Months. Adding A Thiazide And Allopurinol To The 19 Patients Who Had Failed Dietary Prophylaxis Prevented Stone Formation In 16 More Patients Leaving Only 3 True Failures. Four Patients Could Not Tolerate The Latter 2 Drugs For Allergy. In Conclusion; Our Practical Dietary Modification Can Aid In Prophylaxis Against Cao Ur. Keywords: Diet, Calcium Oxalate, Urolithiasis, Urinary Tract Stones, Prophylaxis

High water vs. ad libitum water intake for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a randomized controlled feasibility trial

Background Vasopressin stimulates cyst growth in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and is a key therapeutic target. Evaluation of high water intake as an alternative to pharmacological vasopressin blockade is supported by patients. However feasibility, safety and adherence-promoting strategies required to deliver this remain unknown. Aims Assess the feasibility of a definitive randomized high water intake trial in ADPKD. Methods In this prospective open-label randomized trial, adult ADPKD patients with eGFR ≥ 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 were randomized to prescribed high water (HW) intake targeting urine osmolality (UOsm) ≤270 mOsm/kg, or ad libitum (AW) intake (UOsm &gt;300 mOsm/kg). Self-management strategies including home-monitoring of urine-specific gravity (USG) were employed to promote adherence. Results We enrolled 42 participants, baseline median eGFR (HW 68.4 [interquartile range (IQR) 35.9–107.2] vs. AW 75.8 [IQR 59.0–111.0 ml/min/1.73 m2, P = 0.22) and UOsm (HW 353 [IQR 190–438] vs. AW 350 [IQR 240–452] mOsm/kg, P = 0.71) were similar between groups. After 8 weeks, 67% in the HW vs. 24% in AW group achieved UOsm ≤270 mOsm/kg, P = 0.001. HW group achieved lower UOsm (194 [IQR 190–438] vs. 379 [IQR 235–503] mOsm/kg, P = 0.01) and higher urine volumes (3155 [IQR 2270–4295] vs. 1920 [IQR 1670–2960] ml/day, P = 0.02). Two cases of hyponatraemia occurred in HW group. No acute GFR effects were detected. In total 79% (519/672) of USG were submitted and 90% (468/519) were within target. Overall, 17% withdrew during the study. Conclusion DRINK demonstrated successful recruitment and adherence leading to separation between treatment arms in primary outcomes. These findings suggest a definitive trial assessing the impact of high water on kidney disease progression in ADPKD is feasible.

Water intake from foods and beverages and risk of mortality from CVD: the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study

ObjectiveTo examine the association of water intake with risk of mortality from CVD.DesignProspective cohort study.Setting/SubjectsA total of 22 939 men and 35 362 women aged 40–79 years enrolled in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study with available data regarding water intake from foods and beverages. The underlying causes of death were determined based on the International Classification of Diseases.ResultsDuring the median 19·1 years of follow-up, 1637 men and 1707 women died from CVD. There was an inverse trend between high water intake and risk of CVD in both sexes. Compared with participants in the lowest quintile of water intake, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95 % CI) for mortality from total CVD in the highest quintile of water intake were 0·88 (0·72, 1·07; P for trend=0·03) in men and 0·79 (0·66, 0·95; P for trend=0·10) in women. Those for CHD were 0·81 (0·54, 1·21; P for trend=0·06) in men and 0·60 (0·39, 0·93; P for trend=0·20) in women. Reduced risk of mortality from ischaemic stroke was also observed among women in the highest water intake quintile: 0·70 (0·47, 0·99; P for trend=0·19). There was no association between water intake and mortality from haemorrhagic stroke in either sex.ConclusionsHigher intake of fluids from foods and beverages was associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular mortality in both sexes and reduced risk of ischaemic stroke in women in Japan.