Gaining body temperature in horses: mercury, digital and infrared thermometer in different locations

The physical examination has several stages, one of which is the measurement of body temperature, when it exceeds the physiological values is indicative of some disease or hyperthermia, for this in veterinary medicine the mercury or digital thermometer is commonly used. The objective of this work is to compare if there is a difference between the mercury thermometer and the infrared thermometer or digital thermometer, as well as to identify if there is a difference between the measurement locations with the infrared thermometer and the mercury column thermometer and digital thermometer. Infrared temperature was evaluated in three places: oral mucosa, pinna and anal or vaginal mucosa (females), then a digital thermometer, followed by mercury, which was used as a reference standard. There was a statistical difference between the mercury thermometer and the infrared thermometer, when measured on the anal or vaginal mucosa and on the oral mucosa. The infrared thermometer, in the ear, and the digital thermometer did not differ from the mercury thermometer, demonstrating that these present similar values during the temperature measurement. The infrared thermometer proved to be little invasive and fast when compared to the others. However, some limitations were observed in the measurement of body temperature with the infrared thermometer measured in the ear. It is concluded that the infrared thermometer, used in the ear, and the digital thermometer are equivalent to the mercury thermometer and can be used in horses, however, more studies on this topic are still needed.

Evaluation of changes in blood pressure in patients submitted to dental surgical procedures

The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of significant changes in systemic blood pressure (SBP) during surgical-dental procedures. A prospective study was performed with a sample of 135 randomly selected individuals who underwent surgical procedures at the Bucomaxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the Dentistry School of the ESFA (ES) between the second half of 2017 and April 2018. After consent, sociodemographic, lifestyle data, weight and height were obtained through a questionnaire, weighing and measurement, respectively. BP measurements were performed at three moments: preoperative (BP1), intraoperative (BP2) and postoperative (BP3) using a mercury column sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Values ​​<120/80 mmHg were used as normal values. When BP1 and BP2 were compared, 63.0% remained within normal values ​​and 22.2% reached the stage of hypertension. In the comparison of BP1 and BP3, 66.7% remained normal, and only 7.4% reached the stage of hypertension. When BP2 and BP3 were compared, 53.6% remained within the normality stage and 12.2% reached the stage of hypertension. It was concluded that there were variations in blood pressure, being the largest variation found in BP2, and can be attributed to the stress caused by the surgical act, since no statistically significant connections were found between the changes in blood pressure and the anesthetics used in the research.

Pancreatic secretion and pressure biomechanics in pancreatic acinus

The article highlights the mechanism of the mathematical model of acinus, the components of the formation of pressure in its cavity and the formation of pancreatic juice. It has been established that the mechanism for creating pressure in the acinus cavity is similar to the intraductal one. In this case, the question remains open about the causes of such high pressure, which is measured in several hundred millimeters of a mercury column, especially since, as histologically established, the pancreas and its ducts do not have muscle structures, and those rudiments of myofibrils, which are noted in some places of the flow system, of course, cannot ensure the development of such pressure. The increase in pressure in the cavity of the acinus is associated with the phenomenon of osmosis in its cells. Since cell membranes have the property of conductivity, as a result of osmosis, water through the membrane first passes from the blood to the cell, then from the cell through the membrane into the acinus cavity. In addition to the mechanism of osmosis through the membrane, in the cells of the acinus epithelium, there is a filtering mechanism through the pores of the layer of connective tissue to the lymph channel. It has now been established that, together with simple osmosis, the phenomenon of electroosmosis takes place in secreting cells and organs of excretion, not only accelerates the transfer of substances, but also increases the pressure on the other side of the membrane against the gradient by almost several first-order units. Thus, the outflow of fluid from the acinus cavity proceeds continuously, but only with a change in the speed of movement, it is determined by the pressure drop in the acinus – tubule – excretory duct system, the opening of the Oddi sphincter and the pulse of the cardiovascular wave, which creates dynamic pressure in the capillary. This whole mechanism, as a result, leads to the filling of the cavity of the acinus and the creation of a certain pressure in it.

ASSESSMENT OF YOUNG SPORTSMEN’S ABILITY TO ENDURE PHYSICAL PAIN

We present diagnostics data of young kickboxer’s ability to withstand physical pain. The research was carried out with children of 6–12 years old at Sports and Patriotic School “Patriot” in Belgorod. We have examined 18 people. We used such research methods as analysis, integration of information from specialized literature, I.I. Kuznetsov’s applicator, comparative analysis. Physical pain perceptions of kickboxers were assessed after exploitation of the applicator with verbal scale of pain assessment and modified facial scale of pain assessment. While examining kickboxer’s ability to withstand physical pain we put the applicator on the examinee’s shoulder and pressed it with a cuff, then we pumped the air in it, thus, increased the pressure, and the result in millimeters of mercury column was fixed on the manometer. The received results were compared not only on two scales, but in the regard of quality indicator of the first young sportsmen’s participation in sparring. We came to conclusion that all the examinees could be divided into three groups: those who have high sensitivity to physical pain are the first group; the second group has the medium rate of sensitivity; the third group has the low rate of sensitivity. We have observed the regular pattern: the higher the rate of sensitivity of examinees, the worse their results in the first sparring, they are more afraid of the battle, they become passive and unconfident. The received data of the research are published for the first time. It has theoretical and practical relevance, for example, for the primary kickboxing selection or other combat sports. The results of the research may be valuable for the further studies on problems of overcoming physical pain in combat sports.

Pressure compensation by a floppy disk in a sprinkler with rotation by centrifugal action

Water wastage is a great concern worldwide. Water is effectively utilized by using equipment and systems that have more uniform water distribution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the FR Super 10 sprinkler with a pressure compensator under different pressures, spacing, and installation heights. The tests were performed in the laboratory, and pressure was controlled with two gauges calibrated with a mercury column. The distribution uniformity was measured using the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) and distribution uniformity coefficient (CUD). Four spray nozzles were utilized for the Super 10 sprinkler, at two heights (0.6 and 1.2 m), six pressures (25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 m H2O), and six spacings (9 × 9, 9 × 10, 10 × 10, 9 × 12, 10 × 12, and 12 × 12 m). The blue, yellow, and red nozzles presented self-compensating features and the green nozzle was not fully self-compensating. The manufacturing coefficients of variations were lower in the nozzles with smaller apertures (blue and yellow) compared to those with larger apertures. Increasing the sprinkler height provided better water distribution uniformity and a better radial distribution profile, lowering the application rate near the sprinkler. Since this sprinkler compensates for pressure changes, pressure did not influence the sprinkler range.

The effect of educational programs on effectiveness of treatment of arterial hypertension at out-patient stage of medical care rendering

The increasing of effectiveness of treatment of arterial hypertension is a key issue of prevention of complications of this disease. The level of target arterial pressure is achieved far from all patients treated because of arterial pressure. The article presents data concerning 55 individuals with office systolic arterial pressure higher than 140 mm of mercury column who in spite of hypotensive therapy prescribed by physician, demonstrated no achievement of target values of arterial pressure. Out of this group, 24 patients were acquainted with educational program including an hour lecture concerning arterial hypertension, techniques of self-control of arterial pressure, effect of non-pharmaceutical modes of treatment and role of patients themselves in therapy of this diseases. The educational program was ignored by 31 patient. All patients at the start and the completion of examination were measured office arterial pressure, monitored day arterial pressure. Also evaluation of compliance to indicated hypotensive medicinal therapy was carried out. At the second control visit after 1-3 months, in patients who attended the lecture, significant decreasing of arterial pressure was established according both office measurement and data of indices of systolic arterial pressure. Moreover, the same patients developed compliance to applied treatment. No such effects were observed in 31 patients who ignored lecture mentioned above. It is assumed that the important part of activities concerning treatment of patients with arterial hypertension from the very beginning of interaction with physician is to become increasing of awareness of patients about disease, modes of its control, importance of non-medicinal measures, regular pharmacotherapy attended by physician. It is appropriate to actively implement these measures in practical health care considering expressed clinical and social economical effectiveness of educational programs for patients with arterial hypertension.

Comparative evaluation of blood pressure measuring equipment

<p><strong>Objective</strong>: This study evaluated the agreement of blood pressure measurements obtained through different auscultatory and oscillometric automated/semi-automated monitors. <strong>Material</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Methods</strong>: The blood pressure of 30 participants was evaluated by a single calibrated examiner. The measurements were carried out through either auscultatory monitor (mercury column or aneroid) or automated/semiautomated oscillometric pulse monitors. For each participant, 5 min rest was established by sitting on dental chair and the measurements were always carried out on the left arm, at the heart level. Three consecutive measurements were performed with the four monitors in each participant with a minimum time interval of five minutes between each measurement. All monitors were properly calibrated and certified by INMETRO. The results were submitted to intraclass correlation coefficient and Friedman’s analysis of variance. <strong>Results</strong>: The measurements of systolic blood pressure for both auscultatory and oscillometric methods were similar. The measurements of diastolic blood pressure for auscultatory monitors were similar (p &gt; 0.05); as well as for oscillometric monitors (p &gt; 0.05). However, when auscultatory and oscillometric monitors were compared, there were statistically significant differences in diastolic blood pressure (p &lt; 0.05). <strong>Conclusion</strong>: It was verified a difference in the results between the auscultatory and oscillometric blood pressure monitors. The systolic blood pressure measurements exhibited similar correlations, while<br />diastolic blood pressure measurements showed different correlations. </p>