A novel method for measuring sublingual temperature using conventional non-contact forehead thermometer

Background: Sublingual temperature measurement is a quick and accurate representation of oral temperature and corresponds closely with core temperature. Sub-lingual temperature measurement using non-contact infrared thermometers has not been studied for this purpose and if accurate they would be a reliable and convenient way of recording temperature of a patient very quickly. The aim of the study was to evaluate the utility of recording sublingual temperature using an infrared non-contact thermometer and establish its accuracy by comparing the readings with tympanic thermometer recordings. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 29 patients (328 paired recordings from sublingual and tympanic sites simultaneously). Subjects were requested to keep their mouth closed for five minutes before recording the temperature. Sublingual recordings were performed for each patient at different times of the day using an infrared thermometer. The infrared thermometer was quickly brought 1cm away from the sublingual part of the tongue and the recordings were then done immediately. Readings were compared with the corresponding tympanic temperature. Results: The non-contact sublingual temperature correlated very closely with tympanic temperature (r=0.86, p<0.001). The mean difference between the infrared sublingual and tympanic temperature was 0.21°C (standard deviation [SD]:0.48°C, 95% confidence interval [CI] of 0.16-0.27). The intra-class correlation co-efficient (ICC) between core and sublingual temperatures was 0.830 (95% CI: 0.794 to 0.861) p<0.001. The sensitivity of sublingual IR (infrared) temperature of 37.65°C was 90% and specificity was 89% for core temperature >38°C. Conclusions: This innovative modification of using the forehead infrared thermometer to measure the sublingual temperature offers an accurate, rapid and non-contact estimation of core temperature.

RFTemp

Microwave ovens have been widely used in recent years to heat food quickly and efficiently. Users estimate the time to heat the food by prior knowledge or by trial and error process. However, this often results in the food being over-heated or under-heated, destroying the nutrients. In this paper, we present RFTemp, a system that can monitor microwave oven leakage to estimate the temperature of the food that is being heated and thus estimate the accurate time when the food has reached the targeted temperature. To design such a system, we propose an innovative microwave leakage sensing procedure and a novel water-equivalent food model to estimate food temperature. To evaluate the real-world performance of RFTemp we build a prototype using software defined radios and conducted experiments on various food items using household microwave ovens. We show that RFTemp can estimate the temperature of the food with a mean error of 5°C, 2x improvement over contactless infrared thermometer and sensors.

The Optimum Thickness of Rockwool as Roof Thermal Insulation: An Experimental and Numerical Study

Now a days, the global warming has increased the temperature in the environment that forced the building occupant to get assisting from the air condition to reduce the heat tension inside the building, this could increase the electricity bill amount. The aim of this study is to measure the optimum thickness of Rockwool insulation to experimentally and numerically to reduce the heating load inside the buildings. Two devices have been used through this research, Infrared Thermometer to measure profile temperature of the walls along with VELOCICALC to measure the air temperature and air velocity. Three different layers of Rockwool insulation have been applied on the roof of wooden room. The data present the two layers thickness of Rockwool is the best selection to reduce the heating load inside the room, the differential between outside and inside is 0.9 °C, the Rockwool of one layer reduced only 0.5 °C and the maximum thickness with three layers reduced only 1 °C, which is not much effective compared to the two layers but even more costly. CFD analysis shows agreement with the experimental result. The results shows if the dimensions of a UCSI lecture room is to be considered, then applying Rockwool insulation with a thickness of 100 mm would cost around RM 1520 as a UCSI lecture room is of 8 m width and 9 m length. However, two layers of Rock wool insulation could save around 29.30% of ROI per annum.

Implementation of a Thermal Image Processing System to Detect Possible Cases of Patients with COVID-19

COVID-19 does not show signs of having disappeared, being a very contagious disease, the WHO recommended limiting the free movement of people, since from its appearance until May 1st, 2021, it caused the death of more than 3.2 million of people around the world. In Peru, it economically affected those people who generated income every day to survive, for this reason some activities were reactivated complying with the biosafety measures that are the use of mandatory mask and social distancing (more than 1 meter). Taking body temperature with an infrared thermometer is an optional measure, generating rejection by specialists, indicating that there is little evidence of its sensitivity and specificity and of its doubtful ability to detect fever. In view of this problem, this article will implement a thermal image processing system to detect possible cases of patients with COVID-19, in such a way that the system performs a more accurate measurement of body temperature, and it can be implemented in any place where such measurement is intended, helping to combat the spread of the virus that currently continues to affect many people. The system has a more accurate measurement of body temperature with an efficiency of 95% at 1 meter between the drone and the person, in such a way that if it presents a body temperature higher than 40°C it could be infected with COVID-19

Measuring temperature in children, conveniently and accurately: a comparative study on different modalities of thermometry

Background: Fever is one of the most common complaints in children in day-to-day practice. The pattern and grade of fever provide some evidence in determining the etiology of fever. Equally important is the identification and documentation of hypothermia in neonates. Hence there is need for an accurate thermometry mode, which should also be convenient to use in children.Methods: This was a cross-sectional observation study on all the neonates and children satisfying the inclusion criteria. Infrared forehead thermometer and digital axillary thermometer were used to record temperature and compared with Infrared tympanic temperature which was taken as gold standard.Results: A total of 240 neonates and children were evaluated. Strong positive correlation was observed between Means of Forehead Thermometer (FT) and Ear Thermometer (ET) with correlation coefficient of 0.777 and p value <0.001. Similar correlation was also observed with Axillary Temperature (AT) with correlation coefficient of 0.944 and p<0.001.Conclusions: Non-contact Infrared thermometer may be used in neonates and children without causing discomfort. It gives instant and comparable readings which are especially significant in the current coronavirus disease (COVID) pandemic setting.

Smartstrap Accessories Untuk Monitoring Kondisi Pasien Covid-19 saat Karantina Mandiri Berbasis Internet of Things

Dunia sedang dilanda oleh wabah pandemi Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pada tahun 2021 ini. Jumlah kasus Covid-19 masih terus mengalami peningkatan khususnya di Indonesia sendiri, tingginya jumlah penderita Covid-19 tidak sebanding dengan jumlah tenaga kesehatan. Alat ini bertujuan membuat aksesoris sederhana yang digunakan untuk memantau kondisi pasien yang terinfeksi Covid-19 saat menjalani karantina mandiri, serta menjadi salah satu upaya untuk menerapkan social distancing. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian yang dilakukan pada 5 sampel orang sebagai pasien, pengukuran suhu menggunakan sensor infrared MLX90614 menunjukkan rata-rata error sebesar 0,12°C setelah dikalibrasi menggunakan digital infrared thermometer. Sedangkan pada pengukuran sensor pulsa MAX30100 setelah dikalibrasi dengan Oxymeter SO911 memiliki rata-rata error 0,52 BPM pada pengukukuran detak jantung pada pengukuran saturasi oksigen dalam darah menunjukkan rata-rata error sebesar 0,6%. Untuk hasil pengujian Quality of Service (QoS) menunjukkan nilai throughput sebesar 13,840 Kbps, packet loss 0%, rata-rata delay 124,08649 ms dan jitter 162,2 ms.

METROLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR THE VERIFICATION OF MEDICAL INFRARED THERMOMETERS

The paper analyzes two methods of checking medical infrared thermometers – using the black body model and using the gray body model. The use of black body models provides the highest accuracy of temperature reproduction. Direct verification of infrared thermometers is not possible due to the discrepancy between the emissivity value entered in the infrared thermometer and the emissivity value of the black body. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for calculating corrections to the value of the temperature reproduced by the black body. The values of the corrections for different temperatures and emissivity introduced in infrared thermometers are given. Using the gray body model does not require any additional calculations. A model of a gray body with an emissivity from 0.94 to 0.99 has been developed and studied. The advantage of the proposed design is low cost, ease of practical application, and the possibility of simultaneous verification of infrared thermometers with different set emissivity values. For each of the methods, an algorithm for estimating the measurement uncertainty during verification is proposed. The results of the research can be used in testing medical infrared thermometers for type approval and the development of verification methods.

Clinical accuracy of non-contact forehead infrared thermometer and infrared tympanic thermometer in postoperative adult patients: A comparative study.

Core temperature monitoring is important for the assessment and prevention of possible postoperative complications. The aim of the present study was to examine the agreement between the core temperature values and the forehead, tympanic membrane and axillary values in postoperative adult patients in clinical practice. The study measured the core temperature of 65 patients undergoing scheduled abdominal surgery using SpotOn™ and compared these with those obtained using non-contact forehead infrared, infrared tympanic and axillary thermometers. Correlation and Bland–Altman analyses were conducted for these comparisons. All temperatures were recorded at 4h intervals after postoperative arrival to the ward. Forehead temperature recordings showed a good correlation with the core temperature with excellent accuracy and was comparable to the tympanic temperature. Both forehead and tympanic thermometers can rapidly and effectively measure the core temperature during early postoperative period. Considering patients’ safety, non-contact forehead infrared thermometers may be useful for postoperative monitoring.