On particle separation from turbulent particle plumes in a cross-flow

We present new experiments of particle-driven turbulent plumes issuing from a constant source of dense particle-laden fluid, with buoyancy flux, $B$ , in a uniform horizontal current, $u$ . Experiments show that a turbulent, well-mixed plume develops, in which the downward vertical speed $w$ decreases with depth $z$ according to $w = 0.76 (B/uz)^{1/2}$ while the horizontal speed rapidly asymptotes to the current speed $u$ , provided that the Stokes settling speed of the particles $v<0.92 w$ . For $v > 0.92 w$ , the particles separate from the plume fluid, and their depth $z$ increases according to the simple sedimentation trajectory $\textrm {d}z/{\textrm {d}\kern0.7pt x} = v/u$ . As the particles sediment, they form clusters of particles, which lead to fluctuations in the particle load with position, but do not appear to change the time-average sedimentation speed. We explore the impact of these results for deep-sea mining, in which the fate of the plume water as well as the particles is key for assessing potential environmental impacts.

Characteristics of surface currents in Manado Bay, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Manado Bay is a complex waterway located in Manado City, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is an entry point for the Indonesia Trough-Flow, and its circulation is affected by the seasonal winds. Manado City has no debris net on its river estuaries. Therefore, marine debris can easily be carried away by the ocean currents and accumulate in the tourism areas located along the coast of Manado Bay. Consequently, it is important to study the sea surface current circulation in Manado Bay to deal with marine debris accumulation. In the present study, we utilized the DELFT3D software to simulate the hydrodynamic circulation in Manado Bay from 2016-2017. We conducted a 2-dimension (2D) horizontal hydrodynamic simulation using tidal and wind forcing from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather (ECMWF). The simulation results indicate that the change in bathymetry and wind affect the sea surface currents. During the summer monsoon (June-August), the sea surface current flows from the northeast to the southwest with an average speed of 1.1 cm s-1. On the contrary, during the transitional monsoon 1 (September-November), the sea surface current flows from the southeast to the northwest with an average speed of 1.3 cm s-1. Meanwhile, in the winter monsoon (December-February), the sea surface current originated from the southwest flows to the east with an average velocity of 1.9 cm s-1. Then, it moves from west to east during transitional monsoon 2 (March-May) with an average speed of 1.5 cm s-1. The current speed increases whenthe water enters the strait between the Bunaken Islands due to refraction, diffraction, and shallowing effect. As current flows toward the shallower area, the current speed increases, compensating the water column reduction.

Impact Des Aménagements Hydroélectriques Sur Le Peuplement Des Poissons Du Lac De Barrage De Buyo Et De La Zone Périphérique (Côte d’Ivoire)

L’objectif de ce travail était de déterminer l’impact des variations des niveaux d’eau sur la distribution des poissons dans le lac de Buyo et le cours principal du fleuve Sassandra. Les campagnes ont lieu de Juin 2018 à Mai 2019. Les changements hydrologiques ont été observés après la mise en eau d’un deuxième barrage sur le fleuve Sassandra. Ces changements hydrologiques ont eu un impact sur la diversité piscicole. Les poissons ont été capturés à l’aide des filets maillants et des nasses artisanales. Ces poissons sont repartis en 6 ordres, 14 familles et 42 espèces. Dans le lac de Buyo, l’espèce Synodontis punctifer domine le peuplement en période de crue alors que Coptodon zillii est prépondérante en période de décrue. Dans le cours principal l’espèce Synodontis punctifer domine le peuplement durant les périodes d’ouverture et de fermeture des vannes du barrage, cette espèce est plus adaptée aux changements hydrologiques. Une bonne organisation du peuplement est observée en période de crue dans le lac. Dans le cours principal, une bonne organisation du peuplement est avérée en période de décrue lorsque les vannes du barrage sont fermées. Le modèle de prévision a montré que dans le lac de Buyo, la richesse spécifique est influencée positivement les cotes de retenue mais négativement par le débit d’apport d’eau et le volume d’eau déversé. Dans le milieu fluviatile, le modèle a montré que la richesse spécifique est influencée négativement par la profondeur et le débit d’eau turbiné mais influencé positivement par la vitesse du courant. The objective of this work was to determine the impact of water level variations on fish distribution in Lake Buyo and the main course of the Sassandra River. The campaigns will take place from June 2018 to May 2019. The hydrological changes are proven after the impoundment of a second dam on the Sassandra River. These hydrological changes have had an impact on fish diversity. The fish were caught using gillnets and artisanal traps. These fish are divided into 6 orders, 14 families and 42 species. In Lake Buyo, the species Synodontis punctifer dominates the population during the flood period while Coptodon zillii is predominant during the low water season. In the mainstream, the species Synodontis punctifer dominates the population during the periods of opening and closing of the gates of the dam, this species is more adapted to hydrological changes. A good organization of the population is observed during the period of flooding in the lake. In the main river, a good organization of the population is proven during the flood period when the gates of the dam are closed. The predictive model showed that in Lake Buyo, the species richness is positively influenced by the impoundment rating but negatively by the inflow rate and the volume of water discharged. In the fluvial environment, the model showed that the specific richness is negatively influenced by the depth and the turbinated water flow but positively influenced by the current speed.

Evaluation of basal melting parameterisations using in situ ocean and melting observations from the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica

Ocean driven melting of Antarctic ice shelves is causing grounded ice to be lost from the Antarctic continent at an accelerating rate. However, the ocean processes governing ice shelf melting are not well understood, contributing to uncertainty in projections of Antarctica's contribution to sea level. Here, we analyse oceanographic data and in situ measurements of ice shelf melt collected from an instrumented mooring beneath the centre of the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. This is the first direct measurement of basal melting from the Amery Ice Shelf, and was made through the novel application of an upwards-facing Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). ADCP data were also used to map a region of the ice base, revealing a steep topographic feature or “scarp” in the ice with vertical and horizontal scales of ~20 m and ~40 m respectively. The annually-averaged ADCP-derived melt rate of 0.51 ± 0.18 m yr−1 is consistent with previous modelling results and glaciological estimates, and there is significant seasonal variation in melting with a maximum in May and a minimum in September. Melting is driven by temperatures ~0.2 °C above the local freezing point and background and tidal currents, which have typical speeds of ~3.0 cm s−1 and 10.0 cm s−1 respectively. We use the coincident measurements of ice shelf melt and oceanographic forcing to evaluate parameterisations of ice-ocean interactions, and find that parameterisations in which there is an explicit dependence of the melt rate on current speed beneath the ice tend to overestimate the local melt rate at AM06 by between 200 % and 400 %, depending on the choice of drag coefficient. A convective parameterisation in which melting is a function of the slope of the ice base is also evaluated and is shown to under-predict melting by 20 % at this site. Using available observations from other ice shelves, we show that a common current speed-dependent parameterisation overestimates melting at all but the coldest, most energetic cavity conditions.

Temporal Variability in Acoustic Behavior of Snapping Shrimp in the East China Sea and Its Correlation With Ocean Environments

The snapping shrimp sound is known to be a major biological noise source of ocean soundscapes in coastal shallow waters of low and mid-latitudes where sunlight reaches. Several studies have been conducted to understand the activity of snapping shrimp through comparison with surrounding environmental factors. In this paper, we report the analysis of the sound produced by snapping shrimp inhabiting an area where sunlight rarely reaches. The acoustic measurements were taken in May 2015 using two 16-channel vertical line arrays (VLAs) moored at a depth of about 100 m, located ∼100 km southwest of Jeju Island, South Korea, as part of the Shallow-water Acoustic Variability Experiment (SAVEX-15). During the experiment, the underwater soundscape was dominated by the broadband impulsive snapping shrimp noise, which is notable considering that snapping shrimp are commonly observed at very shallow depths of tens of meters or less where sunlight can easily reach. To extract snapping events in the ambient noise data, an envelope correlation combined with an amplitude threshold detection algorithm were applied, and then the sea surface-bounced path was filtered out using a kurtosis value of the waveform to avoid double-counting in snap rate estimates. The analysis of the ambient noise data received for 5 consecutive days indicated that the snap rate fluctuated with a strong one-quarter-diurnal variation between 200 and 1,200 snaps per minute, which is distinguished from the periodicity of the snap rate reported in the euphotic zone. The temporal variation in the snap rate is compared with several environmental factors such as water temperature, tidal level, and current speed. It is found that the snap rate has a significant correlation with the current speed, suggesting that snapping shrimp living in the area with little sunlight might change their snapping behavior in response to changes in current speed.

Eddy Around Zhoushan Island: Observations with Synthetic Aperture Radar at C-band

We studied mesoscale (∼100 km length) eddy around the Zhoushan Island (one Sentinel-1 (S-1) image at coastal East China Sea). The simultaneous sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) confirms the existence of upwelling in the Western Pacific Ocean, although, the AVHRR data around the Zhoushan Islands were not available. The difference in the root mean square error (RMSE) between the simulations with the Region Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) and that of the AVHRR data was around 1 °C. Also, the RMSE of the model-simulated current speed compared with that of the Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) data was 0.04 m/s. We concluded that natural biogenic slicks mainly contributed to damping Bragg waves for sub-mesoscale upwelling, while ocean currents are an important factor affecting the roughness of mesoscale cold eddies.

Fish Assemblages in Seagrass (Zostera marina L.) Meadows and Mussel Reefs (Mytilus edulis): Implications for Coastal Fisheries, Restoration and Marine Spatial Planning

Seagrass meadows and mussel reefs provide favorable habitats for many fish species, but few studies have compared the associated fish assemblages directly and examined the influence of environmental variables. Knowledge of fish assemblages associated with disparate habitats is needed for the conservation of coastal fisheries and marine spatial planning. Catch per unit effort data derived from fyke nets showed similar species richness and diversity in seagrass meadows and mussel reefs, suggesting that both habitats support elevated marine biodiversity of mobile fauna. However, it was shown that fish assemblage structure differed between those habitats, and also fish abundance in seagrass meadows was significantly higher than in mussel reefs by comparing the data with a multivariate extension of Generalized Linear Models (GLM). Furthermore, employing underwater video recordings to compare fish abundances in high and low water current speed mussel reefs with a Generalized Linear Mixed Model with negative binomial distribution, data revealed similar fish abundances (in terms of the MaxN metric) despite the variation in current speed, probably because the mussel formations provide sufficient shelter, even from high water currents. The commercially important species Atlantic cod (G. morhua), however, was significantly more abundant in the low water current mussel reef. Therefore, restoration efforts targeting G. morhua could benefit from restoring low current mussel reefs. Our study provides input for the conservation of coastal recreational and commercial fisheries, habitat restoration and marine spatial planning where certain habitats may be prioritized.

EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION OF THE PONTRYAGIN’S MINIMUM PRINCIPLE “PMP EXTENSION”: ZERMELO PROBLEM (WITH CURRENT SPEED MORE THAN BOAT SPEED HYPOTHESIS)

We present an example of application covering several cases using the extension of the Pontryaguine minimum principle (PMP) in the case where we add a constraint on reaching a target variety at the final time: the Zermelo problem with current speed more than Boat speed hypothesis, where we consider a boat crossing a channel under a strong current and where we try to reach the opposite bank by minimizing the lateral offset or by minimizing the crossing time.

Modeling The Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Tidal And Monsoonal Currents In Pondok Dayung Port of Tanjung Priok Harbor, Jakarta

The Pondok Dayung port forms a significant segment of the Tanjung Priok harbor in the Jakarta coastal bay. Studies on the hydrodynamic characteristics of tidal and monsoonal currents appear very important to ship movement and laid/dock operations in port basins/jetties. These flow conditions have been simulated using a two-dimensional shallow water equation, while the tidal and monsoonal wind were coupled to model the ocean current. In general, the simulation results of the ocean current characteristics were dominated by tidal effects, as well as the interactions with the coastlines, jetties, and breakwaters. Also, the geometric replica has been validated satisfactorily, using time series sea elevation from the tidal station in the research area managed by the National Geospatial Agency (BIG). Strong RMSE and linear correlation values ranging from 0.0405-0.0458 m and 0.9648-0.9843 were obtained, respectively. During the flood tides, the ocean current is directed towards the basin area, while an outward flow is observed under ebb conditions. Furthermore, the maximum tidal current speed of ±0.26 m/s was recorded at the port waterways. A similar outcome was also reported during the west and east monsoon, in addition to a minimum ocean current speed of approximately 0.00 m/s. These conditions implied that the Pondok Dayung port and its breakwater system served as protective structures to the surrounding vessels and the harsh ocean current impacts.

Steering Wheel AGV Path Tracking Control Based on Improved Pure Pursuit Model

Aiming at the path tracking problem of the AGV transfer platform of an Optical module installing and calibrating system, this paper designs a pure pursuit control strategy in which the preview distance changes adaptively according to the current speed of AGV and the curvature of the reference path. Firstly, AGV kinematics model and pure pursuit model are established according to the geometric relationship. Then fitness function is established with tracking deviation and steering stability, and Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the preview distance of pure pursuit model of AGV under various working conditions. During the tracking process, AGV selects the optimal preview distance according to the curvature of the reference path and the current speed. The simulation experiment results show that the improved pure pursuit control strategy containing curvature information of reference path can improve the adaptability of AGV when it is tracking complex path, guaranteeing tracking accuracy and steering stability.