Challenges to Generating Reliable COVID Statistics: Domestic and International Experience

The article discusses specifc issues of the reliability of statistics on the spread of the coronavirus pandemic and the comparability of similar statistics across different countries. All countries faced challenges, regardless of the level of well-being and social system. However, the examples outlined in the article refer mainly to large economies, each of which for at least one year from 1980 to 2019 produced more than 1% of the global GDP. The organization of the health care system in these countries is different, and only the general requirements of WHO could provide information on the spread of the pandemic in comparable formats.The authors formulated the problems of identifying those infected with Covid-19 and mortality statistics, indicating the various impact of the pandemic on deaths. It has been shown that the formal application of the WHO recommendations to the identifcation of infected persons and differences in the practical use of these recommendations in different countries can give poorly comparable results. The example of Russian statistics illustrates that it is possible to compare the operational data on the mortality of those infected with the coronavirus with the data on the total mortality in the country. Attention is drawn to the example of statistics from Germany, demonstrating the possibility of practical overlapping of the excess mortality rate and the operational data on the mortality of those infected with Covid-19.Data on daily increments of infected, dead, and recovered per million people allows one to see the nature and prevalence rate of the pandemic in different countries in a comparable format. The largest single-day increase in coronavirus cases in some countries in 2020–2021 reached 2–3 thousand per 1 million population, while in others – it was less than 30. In most countries under review, daily deaths' peaks amounted to less than 40 cases, but there were other countries for which these peaks did not exceed 10 cases or less per 1 million population.In conclusion, the report identifes six all-cause mortality factors associated with the pandemic and social distancing demands formulated by the American Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. According to the authors, it would be interesting to learn the experts' assessment of how realistic and benefcial it is to know how to keep track of these factors. It would improve the quality of international comparative analysis of socio-demographic indicators.

Evolutionary trends in the interpretation of the European Court of Human Rights under the European Convention on Human Rights

The purpose of this Article is to analyse evolutionary trends in the interpretation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). To achieve this goal, a wide range of general philosophical methods were used. The Article submits that the ECHR has shown a growing commitment to the evolutionary method of interpretation, using the doctrine of a "living instrument", the ECHR, which is particularly important for Member States with specific problems, although this method limits the scope in the discretion of the State. It is concluded that the interpretative methodology used by the ECHR involves the use of its methods, including increasingly developing methods of consensus, efficiency, judicial activism, comparison, innovative interpretation, autonomous method, and "balance" method. This demonstrates, inter alia, the unlimited potential to improve the ECHR's interpretation of conventional standards. In the context of modern transformations in the direction of proactive international justice, judicial activism objectively departs from a formal application of legal norms and reflects the ECHR's desire to protect the fundamental human rights of individuals and communicatethem.

Digital Education, Work and Artificial Intelligence: Health and Law

The use and possibilities of artificial intelligence (AI) have been assuming great importance in recent years. This fact led to a greater attention on the topic in various fields, especially in health and law, both in its daily application potential and in learning methods. The aim of this article was to present a brief perspective of the challenges and effects of the AI use in teaching and application on health and law domains. Therefore, to better define the theme it was performed a qualitative methodology of bibliographic review. The applications of artificial intelligence have a great potential in clinical and legal use, facilitating the tasks of those involved by helping to reduce workflow, to avoid errors and in decision-making. However, despite these benefits and new opportunities, there are still obstacles regarding regulation and ethical concerns, as well as some reluctance from professionals in their adoption and formal application. In addition, there also the need to proper implement these technologies in learning to keep up the change and the new challenges currently posed, so there is a path that still needs to be followed.

Mehr als nur objektive individuelle Attribute: Arbeitsmarktrelevante Hemmnisse bei Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit

Zusammenfassung Die beinahe Vollbeschäftigung in Deutschland lässt Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit leicht als individuelles Versagen und mangelnden Willen zur Arbeitsmarktintegration erscheinen. Die Gründe dafür sind jedoch vielfältig und gehen über objektive, negativ wirkende Hemmnisse, wie beispielsweise niedrige Qualifikation und Fürsorgepflichten, hinaus. Der habitualisierte Umgang mit Qualifikation und Arbeitssuche erschwert die Förderung von Beschäftigungsfähigkeit und führt oft zu einem Scheitern an formalen Zugangsbedingungen des Arbeitsmarktes. Zudem verhindern auch soziale und situative Hemmnisse bzw. überfordernde Lebensumstände die Herstellung von Erwerbsfähigkeit und somit Erwerbsintegration. Entscheidend für die Mobilisierung von Arbeitsmarktpotentialen sind eine den individuellen Lebenslagen entsprechende Unterstützung, ein Verlassen etablierter formaler Bewerbungsstrategien oder das Lockern des Vermittlungsdrucks. Abstract: More Than Just Objective Individual Attributes: Labor Market Barriers and Long-Term Unemployment The almost full employment in Germany makes a persistent stay in unemployment easily appear as individual failure and a lack of motivation. However, the reasons go beyond objective, negative barriers, such as low qualifications and duties for care. The habitual handling of qualifications and job search makes it more difficult to promote employability and do not support formal applications. Social and situational obstacles, i.e. overstraining living conditions without sufficient stabilization, reliably prevent employment. Decisive for the mobilization of labor market potentials are appropriate support according to individual circumstances, abandoning established formal application strategies, or easing the pressure of job placement.

Restraint Use and Delirium in Critical Care in England and Wales: A Current Law Review

Introduction This is a law review of restraint use in critical care settings within the United Kingdom with a specific context to England and Wales following the introduction of new statues and case law developments. The principles discussed could be similarly applied internationally, as the aim of health care is the preservation of life. Care delivery often proves difficult without the use of restraint considering the adversities delirium may present with as a common occurrence. Staff have to be aware of their role, duty, and limitations in legal terms and respond to challenging behavior appropriately and proportionately within the law. Methods As a law review, it follows arguments and principles around a topic by analyzing case law and statutory instruments specifically applicable to restraint use within critical care. Conclusion Restraint use in critical care settings in England and Wales is justifiable prior to formal authorization regardless the patient has or lacks capacity at the time as long as the restraint use is to maintain life-sustaining treatment or where an action could result in potential deterioration in the condition of the patient. However, there is a need to distinguish between on-going and life-sustaining care provisions. Restraint use in any case has to be in order to protect the patient from harm, enacted in the best interest of the patient, and has to be proportionate with the perceived likelihood of severity of likely harm occurring. Unless the delirium lasts or likely to last for over 28 days, no formal application is required should the need arise. Staff are empowered by statutory and case law measures to act with the use of appropriate restraint to protect their patients and those in close vicinity from harm. Regardless of national jurisdictions, the aim of critical care is to preserve life; hence, the findings within could be applicable internationally.

The function of integration of person in city companies Obregon

One of the company's needs nowadays is personal ideal according to the profile, which has been complicated by several factors. This work aims to identify companies that carry out a formal application phases of the process of integration of personnel. This is a research with a sample of convenience not probabilistic involving 50 companies of different turns of Ciudad Obregón. For the collection of data was used a questionnaire designed by experts from the administrative audit, which allowed to identify immediately the implementation of the basic elements that make the process of integration of personnel: recruitment selection, recruitment and induction. The importance of the project offers is that a picture of the implementation of the basic process of the integration of personnel in companies. In terms of the findings found that 36% reported not to carry out a process of personnel selection, another result is that 20% do not have a formal recruitment activity, 22% not performing activity of induction to the company and 18% does not a formal recruitment.

Application for the hearing of a witness in person

Pursuant to Rule 176 UPCARoP, an application must be made in order for a witness to be heard by the Court. However, the Court may also order of its own motion that a witness is heard (Rule 177.1). With respect to the parties’ right to determine the supporting evidence for their case (Art 43 UPCA), a hearing ordered by the Court of its own motion nevertheless at least requires that the witness is designated by a party and a hearing of that witness is offered. Such an offer can be made irrespective of a formal application for the hearing of a witness in accordance with Rule 176.