Fruit Extract Catalyzed Synthesis of Heterocycles: A Mini-Review

This paper reports the recently published work on using the extract of fruits as natural catalysts in the formation of heterocycles. Twelve green principles are described in this review through the recent synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. These catalysts have many benefits, such as non-hazardous, clean reaction profile, easy handle, low cost, easily available, etc. The Fruit extract catalyst is one of the best options for the recyclization of organic heterocycles in the future.

Stewart-Williams and Halsey argue persuasively that gender bias is just one of many causes of women’s underrepresentation in science

Stewart-Williams and Halsey provide an unusually broad synthesis of the enormous literature on gender gaps in hiring, letters of recommendation, mathematical and spatial abilities, email appointment-making, people vs things orientation, within-gender variability, salaries, occupational preferences, and employment discrimination. They argue that sociocultural factors, while important, cannot by themselves account for the entirety of these gaps. In addition, they argue that factors resulting from evolutionary origins, cognitive ability gaps at the extreme right tail of the distribution, and underlying gender differences in abilities, preferences, and values are needed to explain why women are less well represented in the most math-intensive fields. In our commentary, we reprise our own recent synthesis (unpublished) of gender gaps in six domains (letters of recommendation, academic hiring, salaries, teaching evaluations, journal acceptance rates, grant funding success) and put our results in the context of these authors' arguments.

By-design molecular architectures via alkyne metathesis

The recent synthesis of novel shape-persistent 2D and 3D molecular architectures via alkyne metathesis is reviewed and the critical role of catalysts is also highlighted.

A Review on Titanium Dioxide Based Nanofluids: Synthesis and Stabilizing Techniques in Both “Pure (Single System) and Mixed (Hybrid System) Base Fluids”

Nanofluids have been an attractive field of study due to its important effect on enhancing the thermal conductivity when used in heat transfer applications. Titanium dioxide based nanofluid specifically has been a focus of study due to its distinguished properties as it results in a very good heat transfer enhancement with low viscosity and low-pressure drop while maintaining a very good stability of dispersion for a long time. Also, Titanium dioxide is relatively cheap and non-toxic so using it as a nanofluid will be more economical and safer in many industries. This review represents the most recent synthesis methods of titanium dioxide based nanofluid in both pure and Mixed (hybrid system) base fluids along with the analysis of its properties and the outcome findings. All of which will be discussed in this paper coherently and thoroughly which will be a good reference and makes it easier for other researchers to investigate and choose the suitable synthesis conditions that give them the required nanofluid properties and stability.

Recent synthesis of thietanes

Thietanes are important aliphatic four-membered thiaheterocycles that are found in the pharmaceutical core and structural motifs of some biological compounds. They are also useful intermediates in organic synthesis. Various synthetic methods of thietanes have been developed, including inter- and intramolecular nucleophilic thioetherifications, photochemical [2 + 2] cycloadditions, ring expansions and contractions, nucleophilic cyclizations, and some miscellaneous methods. The recently developed methods provide some new strategies for the efficient preparation of thietanes and their derivatives. This review focuses on the synthetic methods to construct thietane backbones developed during 1966 to 2019.

Social Norms in Experimental Economics: Towards a Unified Theory of Normative Decision Making

Even though standard economic theory traditionally ignored any motives that may drive incentivized social decision making except for the maximization of personal consumption utility, the idea that ‘preferences for fairness’ (following social norms) might have an economically tangible impact appeared relatively early. I trace the evolution of these ideas from the first experiments on bargaining to the tests of the hypothesis that pro-sociality in general is driven by the desire to adhere to social norms. I show how a recent synthesis of economics approach with psychology, sociology, and evolutionary human biology can give rise to a mathematically rigorous, psychologically plausible, and falsifiable theory of social norms. Such a theory can predictwhich norms should emerge in each specific (social) context and is capable of organizing diverse observations in economics and other disciplines. It provides the first glimpse at how a unified theory of normative decision making might look like.

Three-dimensional porous borocarbonitride BC2N with negative Poisson's ratio

Motivated by the recent synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) porous borocarbonitride (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2019, 58, 6033–6037), we propose a porous 3D-BC2N structure composed of BC2N nanoribbons.