Retrospective study of livestock vaccine coverage and trend in Lemu and Bilbilo Woreda, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia

Vaccination is one of the most efficient tools for protection against clinical disease of livestock and reduces the rate of spread of infection. The study was conducted using secondary data that recorded at Lemu and Bilbilo Woreda veterinary clinic with the objective to assess the vaccination coverage in the study area from March to September 2021. Results revealed the most commonly practiced vaccine were bacterial and viral diseases from secondary data recorded were Lumpy skin disease, Black leg, Pasteurellosis, New castle, Gumboro disease, chicken pox, Fowl pox, and Fowl Cholera. The percentage of vaccine coverage for lumpy skin disease decreases from a year 2017 (51.1%) to 2021(24%). The majority of Goat (96.7%) was vaccinated against goat pox during 2017 and the 0% Anthrax vaccine for Goat in 2021. Only 7.3% sheep in 2017 and near 37.4% in 2021 were vaccinated with sheep pox from total population. About 87.4% of equines were vaccinated from total population in 2017. The proportion of Newcastle disease and Gumboro disease vaccine coverage were 35% and 15.4%, respectively. Dog vaccination against rabies is increases from a year 2017 (4.8%) to 2020 (11%) in except 0.5% in 2021. The vaccine trends were fluctuating and/or decreasing from year to year. However, vaccine trend for Anthrax of cattle was increasing from year to year. It is therefore, suggested that implementation of planed and regularly vaccination of animal was very important for diseases control and prevention are recommended in order to decrease disease reoccurrence in the area.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate mediates the establishment of infectious bursal disease virus replication complexes in association with early endosomes

The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the archetypal member of the Birnaviridae family and the etiological agent of Gumboro disease, a highly contagious immunosuppressive infection of concern to the global poultry sector for its adverse health effects in chicks. Unlike most double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, that enclose their genomes within specialized cores throughout their viral replication cycle, birnaviruses organize their bisegmented dsRNA genome in ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) structures. Recently, we demonstrated that IBDV exploits endosomal membranes for replication. The establishment of IBDV replication machinery on the cytosolic leaflet of endosomal compartments is mediated by the viral protein VP3 and its intrinsic ability to target endosomes. In this study, we identified the early endosomal Phosphatidylinositol 3- phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] as a key host factor of VP3 association with endosomal membranes and consequent establishment of IBDV replication complexes in early endosomes. Indeed, our data reveal a crucial role for PtdIns(3)P in IBDV replication. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the replicative strategy of birnaviruses and strongly suggest that it resembles those of positive-strand RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, which replicates in association with host membranes. Furthermore, our findings support the role of birnaviruses as evolutionary intermediaries between +ssRNA and dsRNA viruses, and importantly, demonstrate a novel role for PtdIns(3)P in the replication of a dsRNA virus. IMPORTANCE The infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infects chicks and is the causative agent of Gumboro disease. During IBDV outbreaks in recent decades, the emergence of very virulent variants and the lack of effective prevention/treatment strategies to fight this disease have had devastating consequences on the poultry industry. IBDV belongs to the peculiar Birnaviridae family. Unlike most dsRNA viruses, birnaviruses organize their genomes in ribonucleoprotein complexes and replicate in a core-independent manner. We have recently demonstrated that IBDV exploits host-cell endosomes as platforms for viral replication, a process that depends on the VP3 viral protein. In this study, we delved deeper into the molecular characterization of IBDV-endosomes association and investigated the role of host-cell phosphatidylinositides lipids in VP3 protein localization and IBDV infection. Together our findings demonstrate that PtdIns(3)P serves as a scaffold for the association of VP3 to endosomes and reveal its essential role for IBDV replication.

SISTEM PAKAR DIAGNOSA PENYAKIT AYAM PETELUR MENGGUNAKAN METODE CASE BASED REASONING BERBASIS WEB

Munculnya permasalahan dan penyakit pada ayam ini disinyalir akibat kelalaian peternak yang kurang memperhatikan nutrisi bahan pakan yang diberikan pada ayam peliharaannya. Penyakit-penyakit yang sering menjangkit ayam petelur adalah: Newcastle Disease (ND), Infectious Bronchitis (IB), Gumboro Disease dan Flu. Pada setiap penyakit tersebut memiliki gejala yang hampir sama namun membutuhan penanganan dan tindakan yang bebeda-beda sehingga banyak peternak yang sulit mengidentifikasi penyakit apa yang menjangkit ternak mereka.Pengumpulan data yang dijadikan bahan pembuatan sistem pakar menggunakan metode case base reasoning ini dilakukan dengan wawancara dengan technical service obat (ahli dalam bidang penanganan penyakit ayam petelur) pada instansi Manunggal Putra Unggas. Dalam tahap ini, berkonsultasi tentang informasi mengenai segala penyakit ayam petelur, gejala penyakit ayam petelur, serta bobot nilai pada setiap gejala yang merupakan tingkat keyakinan dari ahli dalam penyakit ayam petelur. Setelah dilakukan wawancara, maka diperoleh informasi mengenai mengenai nilai bobot dari penyakit dan gejala penyakit ayam yang akan digunakan dalam sistem pakar diagnosis penyakit pada ayam petelur yang diperoleh dari technical service penanganan unggas yaitu Bpk Taufan Rohadie.Pada jurnal hasil penelitian sosio-economic impact didapatkan pada insutri peternakan ayam yang ada di Indonesia bahwa wabah penyakit ayam pada umumnya menyerang perusahaan peternakan ayam petelur. Sekitar 83% dari total populasi. Informasi ini mengungkapkan bahwa perusahaan ayam petelur lebih rentan terkena wabah penyakit daripada perusahaan ayam boiler.

Risk Factors Associated with the Presence of Viral Diseases in Domestic Poultry in the Southern Region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Background: The introduction of any infectious agent into an industrial or subsistence farm worries agribusiness owners in Brazil because it reduces product quality and increases treatment costs, although most diseases are untreatable, thus causing economic losses with morbidity and mortality. Therefore, an epidemiological survey of viral diseases associated with poultry was developed by performing a detailed description of the risk factors that may be related to existing diseases using domestic poultry sample data recorded in the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD) of College of Veterinary Medicine of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 2000 to 2016.Materials, Methods & Results: Epidemiological and clinical-pathological data were collected and then compared with disease data by multivariate analysis using statistical EpiInfo version 6.04 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010 software. The frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CI), association measures (odds ratio=OR and relative risk=RR), Chi-square test, and the results considered significant with a value of P ≤ 0.05 were described. A total of 410 samples of domestic poultry were tested, and the results showed 66 (16.1%) viral diseases. The following conditions were the most commonly found diseases in this study: Marek’s disease (42.4%), Infectious bursal disease (31.8%), Avian leukosis (16.6%), Avian pox (7.5%) and Avian infectious bronchitis (1.5%). In this article we discuss the most frequent viral diseases: Marek’s disease (DM) and Gumboro disease. It was also possible to conclude that birds with Marek's disease presented higher odds of developing nerve, tegumentary and locomotors signs (P ≤ 0.05). As well as, more likely to present tumoriform lesions in the liver, spleen, kidneys and heart P ≤ 0.05, as well as lesions in the proventriculus, muscle lesions and in the sciatic nerve P ≤ 0.05. Laying poultry, backyard poultry production and young poultry constitute risk factors for DM (P ≤ 0.05). The results showed that samples with mycotoxicoses were at higher risk of developing DM (P ≤ 0.05). Poultry from industrial system had a higher risk of developing Gumboro disease (P ≤ 0.05). Besides that, domestic poultry with Gumboro disease were more likely to develop signs of depression, nerve signals, tegumentary changes, bursitis, hepatomegaly, renal lesions and splenomegaly (P ≤ 0.05).Discussion: In this research we can observe the domestic poultry with DM presenting tumoriform lesions in several organs, this finding is common in this disease, because it is one of the most frequent viral diseases of neoplastic characteristic. The results show that young birds are a risk factor for DM. In fact, previous works already affirm young birds as being susceptible to disease in relation to adult birds. In this study, laying hens presented a risk factor for DM, however other authors also observed in cut birds or in both types of production. Industrial poultry are at higher risk for DM, this was also reported by other authors, because the disease is of high contagion and morbidity, industrial birds are under high density which facilitates the contact and dissemination of the virus among sick and susceptible birds. In this study, industrial poultry were a risk factor for Gumboro disease, however, other studies show that there is no difference between types of breeding and can also occur in backyard birds. Young poultry and laying hens are more susceptible, and the clinical signs found in the study are compatible with those described in the literature. Through this research on viral diseases, we conclude that our study may complement the already existing official data, since, in a research conducted in the same period, it did not identify the presence of viral diseases in the Southern of RS, but with our research it was possible to register this disease.

Effects of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan on growth performance and serum antibody titers to Gumboro disease of color-feathered chickens

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of four amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan) supplementation on growth performances and serum antibody titers to Gumboro disease (IBD, infectious bursal disease) in broiler chickens. Chicks were randomly assigned to 5 dietary groups (5 chicks/group as 12 replicates of 5 chicks) in a complete randomized experimental design. Group I served as control group, was fed a diet without any supplementation. Groups II and III were supplemented 10% of four amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan) of the recommended requirements for 45 and 42 days, respectively. Meanwhile, Groups IV and V were supplemented 20% of four amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan) of the recommended requirements for 45 and 42 days, respectively. The supplementation was started at 3 days of age in chicks. The chickens were vaccinated against Gumboro disease at day 12 and day 19. The antibody titer of the chickens in each group was assayed using IBD anti-body ELISA. Besides, the live body weight, average feed intake and feed conversion (FCR) were determined at 0, 21, 42 and 84 days of age. The results showed no significant difference between groups in performance parameters such as body weight and FCR. However, the present work showed highest dose of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan supplementation for 42 days may be improved feed intake and immune response of chicken against Gumboro disease vaccination