Synesthesia in the process of phraseologismformation: a new approach

The paper aims to explore how the process of phraseologism-formation is linked with the process of perception as part and parcel of human cognitive activity. Specifically, the research focuses on the role synesthesia plays in the construction of phraseological meaning. We proceed from the claim that the perceptual experience a human gains through multiple sensory channels while cognizing the world is preserved in the language semantics. Therefore, one of the main assumptions of the research is that synesthesia as a result of crossintegration of various perceptual sensations and their (sub)modalities influences the formation of phraseologisms and can be traced in their semantics. To test this assumption, a representative corpus of English and Russian phraseological units (more than 3,000) is analyzed. In the course of the analysis different types of synesthetic transfers that underlie the phraseological meanings in question are established. Special attention is paid to the way in which synesthesia is involved in the construction of the deep stratum of phraseological semantics that consists of the conceptual foundation (i.e., macro-metaphorical conceptual model) and phraseological image. Overall, the study offers further evidence that phraseological meaning is derived from the perceptual experience and from various synesthetic transfers in particular.

Stability Analysis of Gravity Dam on Soil Foundation

For small and medium sized water conservancy project, gravity dam on soil foundation is a comparatively economic and reasonable dam structure. Based on project case, the author discusses in this paper the seepage-proofing and anti-sliding stability of the gravity dam on soil foundation, focusing on calculation of anti-sliding stability of deep stratum, selection of soil pressure and effective measures for improving the anti-sliding stability of the gravity dam on soil foundation.

Research on Distribution Rule of Geostress in Deep Rock in Chinese Mainland

Based on the research of the conception of “deep stratum” and “deep engineering”, through collecting about 600 groups of the measured geostress data in deep rocks of China mainland, the features of the geostress in deep rocks are elementarily analysed referring the analysis method of Hoek and Brown. The distribution rules of the vertical stress, the maximum and the minimum horizontal principal stresses with depth in deep stratum are analysed, and trend of the lateral pressure coefficient with depth is also discussed.

Isotopic composition and origin of lacustrine brines in the Arctic

Meromictic lakes in the Arctic Archipelago were analyzed to determine whether the isotope content of the water molecule might confirm their oceanic origin. The 25 m bottom layer of Lake Garrow, on Little Cornwallis Island, is filled with a homogeneous sodium chloride solution with 2.6 times the chloride concentration of seawater (52 g L−1). Its δ18O value is around −10‰ with respect to V-SMOW, and its δ2H is eight times the oxygen value (~ −85‰). In Lake Sophia on Cornwallis Island, the deep stratum (25 m thick) is less concentrated (35 g L−1 Cl−1) and shows slightly higher δ18O and δ2H values (−9 and −75‰, respectively).Chemocline and surficial waters result from mixing between bottom waters and meteoric waters. The chemical and isotopic signals are interpreted as evidence of diagenesis through subpermafrost or intrapermafrost freezing of aquifers once filled with seawater, at some time during postglacial emergence.

Observations on the growth and development of the epidermis

The author adduces evidence derived from his microscopic observations, in confirmation of the commonly received doctrine respecting the origin of the cells of the epidermis and epithelium generally, from the materials furnished by the liquor sanguinis or plasma of the blood; which fluid, passing by endosmosis through the walls of the capillary vessels and peripheral boundary of the surface, developes granules by a vital process, analogous to coagulation. On a careful examination of the inner surface of the epidermis with the aid of the microscope, he finds it to be composed of four kinds of elements, arranged in such a manner as to constitute an irregular plane, similar to a tesselated or mosaic pavement. These elements are,—1. Granules , which the author terms primitive , of a globular form, solid and apparently homogeneous, and measuring about 1-20,000th part of an inch in diameter. 2. Aggregated granules , having about double the diameter of the former and apparently composed of as many of these as can be aggregated together without leaving an unoccupied space in the centre of the mass. 3. Nucleated granules measuring in diameter from the 6000th to the 4000th part of an inch, each being composed of an aggregated granule as a nucleus, enveloped by a single layer of aggregated granules, giving to the whole mass an oval or circular, and at the same time flattened shape. Their constituent granules have acquired, during this aggregation, greater density, and are separated from each other by distinct interstitial spaces filled with a transparent homogeneous substance. 4. Nucleolo-nucleolated cells pervading the deep stratum of the epidermis, and of which the longer diameter measures from the 3000th to the 2500th part of an inch. These cells, which constitute the principal portion, and may be regarded as the chief constituent of the epidermis, are formed from the nucleolated granules, on the exterior of which there is superposed a transparent layer, bounded by a well-defined outline, by the dark interstitial substance of the wall of the cell; the nucleolated granule being the nucleus, and the aggregated granule the nucleolus of these primitive cells of the epidermis. The author is of opinion that the nuclei, up to a certain point, grow with the cells, by the separation of the original granules from the deposition between them of interstitial matter, and also by the cleavage of the latter and the consequent multiplication of the granules. This peripheral growth of the cells is totally different from the mode of growth described by Schwann, and explains the disappearance of the nucleus in the scales of the epidermis. The observations of the author lead him to believe that the same process of development and of growth is followed in the epithelium as in the epidermis; and he offers evidence, showing that similar arrangements take place in the cells of melanosis, in the pigment cells of the choroid membrane of the eye, and in those of the skin of the negro.