Ophthalmology

2021 ◽  
pp. 515-536
Author(s):  
David Yorston
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Visual Loss ◽  
Corneal Opacity ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Eye Injuries ◽  
Corneal Ulcers ◽  
Red Eye ◽  
Global Blindness

Global blindness?, Presenting features of eye disease?, Visual loss: refractive errors?, Cataract?, Corneal opacity?, Glaucoma?, Macular degeneration?, Diabetic retinopathy?, Red eye?, Injuries to the eye?, Red eye with no injury?, Conjunctivitis?, Corneal ulcers?, Uveitis?, Acute glaucoma?, Trachoma?, Xerophthalmia?, Ocular leprosy?, HIV infection and the eye?, Onchocerciasis and the eye?

scholarly journals The prevalence of Eye Disease in Elderly Bengalis in Tower Hamlets

1996 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J Gray
Keyword(s):  
Visual Loss ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Health Service Planning ◽  
London Borough ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Visually Handicapped

The prevalence of eye disease and uncorrected refractive errors in a group of 167 elderly members of the Bangladeshi community which resides in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets was studied. Of the subjects screened 24.6% were found to have a significant and potentially treatable cause of visual loss and a further 32.3% were visually handicapped through the presence of uncorrected refractive errors. A high prevalence (53.3%) of cataract was found in the elderly Bengalis. The high prevalence of eye disease in this ethnic minority group, has important implications for health service planning.

Diabetic retinopathy

2011 ◽  
pp. 1924-1935
Author(s):  
Catherine M. Guly ◽  
Jane R. MacKinnon ◽  
John V. Forrester
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Laser Photocoagulation ◽  
Visual Loss ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Effective Screening ◽  
Telephone Directory ◽  
Appropriate Treatment

Blindness is one of the most feared complications of diabetes and although only a small proportion of people with diabetes will become legally blind, a larger number will have significantly impaired vision affecting their daily life. They may have concerns ranging from difficulty reading the telephone directory to loss of their driving licence and hence, restricted independence. The main issues in diabetic retinopathy are identification of those at risk of visually threatening eye disease, addressing modifiable risk factors, and institution of appropriate treatment. All diabetic patients should have access to an effective screening programme. Laser photocoagulation of the retina remains the cornerstone of treatment of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy, but over the last few years a number of new therapies have been tried and show promise in preventing visual loss from diabetic retinopathy. This chapter will discuss the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and the characteristic clinical features and will give an outline of practical management.

A distinct cytokines profile in tear film of dry eye disease (DED) patients with HIV infection

Cytokine ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Agrawal ◽  
Praveen Kumar Balne ◽  
Anuradha Veerappan ◽  
Veonice Bijin Au ◽  
Bernett Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Tear Film ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease

scholarly journals Prevalence of visual impairment and eye diseases in Afghan refugees in Pakistan

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 560-566
Author(s):  
H. R. Awan ◽  
T. Ihsan
Keyword(s):  
Visual Loss ◽  
Eye Diseases ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Northern Pakistan ◽  
Active Trachoma ◽  
Who Criteria ◽  
Afghan Refugees ◽  
Refugee Community ◽  
Afghan Refugee ◽  
Corneal Opacities

The prevalence and etiology of visual loss and eye diseases were determined in a resident Afghan refugee community in northern Pakistan. The survey included 1156 people and revealed that 2.1% of the population were blind and 6.9% were visually impaired according to WHO criteria. The leading causes of blindness included cataract [62.5%], uncorrected refractive errors [16.6%], retinal degeneration/dystrophy [12.5%], glaucoma [4.2%] and microphthalmos [4.2%]. The causes of visual loss were uncorrected refractive errors [46.2%], cataract [32.7%] and corneal opacities [4.8%]. These conditions were also important causes of unilateral lost vision. Active trachoma was found in 3.7% of all children under 10 years of age

scholarly journals Penetrating Ocular Trauma Caused by Steel Wire from a Rotating Wire Brush: A Case Report with Review of Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Sagili Chandrasekhara Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Visual Loss ◽  
Ocular Trauma ◽  
Steel Wire ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Eye Injuries ◽  
Thin Steel ◽  
Ocular Morbidity ◽  
Full Face ◽  
Penetrating Ocular Trauma

A 19-year-old young man came to emergency department with a complaint of injury in the left eye with a wire, while cleaning the car engine parts in the workshop with motorized rotating wire brush. He was referred immediately to the eye clinic. On examination of the left eye, a thin steel wire was seen penetrating at the nasal limbus which was projecting forwards. The wire was removed (33 mm in length) under aseptic precautions using topical anaesthesia. Postoperatively, he was treated with ciprofloxacin eye drops. The patient had no ocular morbidity; the vision was normal, and he was asymptomatic in the left eye. Eye injuries from rotating wire brushes are caused by detached fragments. These eyes should be examined in detail for the involvement of different structures of the eye; and should be treated adequately in-time to prevent visual loss/ blindness. Wearing of safety glasses/ full face shield while working is recommended to prevent such injuries.

scholarly journals Prevalence and causes of vision loss in North Africa and Middle East in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 863-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rim Kahloun ◽  
Moncef Khairallah ◽  
Serge Resnikoff ◽  
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli ◽  
Seth R Flaxman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Corneal Opacity ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Uncorrected Refractive Error

BackgroundTo assess the prevalence and causes of vision impairment in North Africa and the Middle East (NAME) from 1990 to 2015 and to forecast projections for 2020.MethodsBased on a systematic review of medical literature, the prevalence of blindness (presenting visual acuity (PVA) <3/60 in the better eye), moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; PVA <6/18 but ≥3/60) and mild vision impairment (PVA <6/12 but ≥6/18) was estimated for 2015 and 2020.ResultsThe age-standardised prevalence of blindness and MSVI for all ages and genders decreased from 1990 to 2015, from 1.72 (0.53–3.13) to 0.95% (0.32%–1.71%), and from 6.66 (3.09–10.69) to 4.62% (2.21%–7.33%), respectively, with slightly higher figures for women than men. Cataract was the most common cause of blindness in 1990 and 2015, followed by uncorrected refractive error. Uncorrected refractive error was the leading cause of MSVI in the NAME region in 1990 and 2015, followed by cataract. A reduction in the proportions of blindness and MSVI due to cataract, corneal opacity and trachoma is predicted by 2020. Conversely, an increase in the proportion of blindness attributable to uncorrected refractive error, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy is expected.ConclusionsIn 2015 cataract and uncorrected refractive error were the major causes of vision loss in the NAME region. Proportions of vision impairment from cataract, corneal opacity and trachoma are expected to decrease by 2020, and those from uncorrected refractive error, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration are predicted to increase by 2020.

scholarly journals United Kingdom Diabetic Retinopathy Electronic Medical Record (UK DR EMR) Users Group: report 4, real-world data on the impact of deprivation on the presentation of diabetic eye disease at hospital services

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair K Denniston ◽  
Aaron Y Lee ◽  
Cecilia S Lee ◽  
David P Crabb ◽  
Clare Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Medical Record ◽  
Electronic Medical Record ◽  
Real World ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Diabetic Eye Disease ◽  
The Impact

AimTo assess the impact of deprivation on diabetic retinopathy presentation and related treatment interventions, as observed within the UK hospital eye service.MethodsThis is a multicentre, national diabetic retinopathy database study with anonymised data extraction across 22 centres from an electronic medical record system. The following were the inclusion criteria: all patients with diabetes and a recorded, structured diabetic retinopathy grade. The minimum data set included, for baseline, age and Index of Multiple Deprivation, based on residential postcode; and for all time points, visual acuity, ETDRS grading of retinopathy and maculopathy, and interventions (laser, intravitreal therapies and surgery). The main  outcome measures were (1) visual acuity and binocular visual state, and (2) presence of sight-threatening complications and need for early treatment.Results79 775 patients met the inclusion criteria. Deprivation was associated with later presentation in patients with diabetic eye disease: the OR of being sight-impaired at entry into the hospital eye service (defined as 6/18 to better than 3/60 in the better seeing eye) was 1.29 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.39) for the most deprived decile vs 0.77 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.86) for the least deprived decile; the OR for being severely sight-impaired (3/60 or worse in the better seeing eye) was 1.17 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.55) for the most deprived decile vs 0.88 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.27) for the least deprived decile (reference=fifth decile in all cases). There is also variation in sight-threatening complications at presentation and treatment undertaken: the least deprived deciles had lower chance of having a tractional retinal detachment (OR=0.48 and 0.58 for deciles 9 and 10, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.90 and 0.29 to 1.09, respectively); in terms of accessing treatment, the rate of having a vitrectomy was lowest in the most deprived cohort (OR=0.34, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.58).ConclusionsThis large real-world study suggests that first presentation at a hospital eye clinic with visual loss or sight-threatening diabetic eye disease is associated with deprivation. These initial hospital visits represent the first opportunities to receive treatment and to formally engage with support services. Such patients are more likely to be sight-impaired or severely sight-impaired at presentation, and may need additional resources to engage with the hospital eye services over complex treatment schedules.

Prevalence of Dry Eye Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and its Association with Diabetic Retinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 3269-3272
Author(s):  
Darikta Dargahi Shaikh ◽  
Tehmina Imdad ◽  
Safdar Ali ◽  
Fayaz Ali Kalhoro ◽  
Sajida Parveen Shaikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Dry Eye Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic Patients ◽  
Department Of Ophthalmology ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Objective: To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease in type 2 diabetic patients and its correlation with retinopathy Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Chandka Medical College & Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana, from 1st April 2021 to 30th September 2021. Consecutive 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) who attended outpatient department were included as per inclusion-exclusion criteria. Results: The patients were mostly female (58%) with a female-to-male ratio of 1.38:1. Most patients (43%) were under 50, followed by 51–60. (34 %). The overall mean age was 54.26 10.06. More than half (63%) of patients had diabetes for up to 5 years. The patients had a 42 percent frequency of DES. Mild, moderate, and severe dry eye were diagnosed in 21%, 16%, and 5% of individuals. Longevity and poor diabetes control exacerbated the disease. Conclusions: Type 2 DM patients' age, but not their gender, was found to be a significant predictor of DES. Dry eye was found to be more common among diabetics with poor control of their condition. In patients with type 2 diabetes, the age, but not the gender, was substantially linked to DES. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, Dry eye disease, Diabetic retinopathy, Meibomian gland dysfunction.

Ophthalmology

2020 ◽  
pp. 320-383
Author(s):  
Alastair Denniston ◽  
Priscilla Mathewson
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Open Angle ◽  
Corneal Ulcers ◽  
Key Points ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Field Defects

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties explores the specialty of ophthalmology. Starting with an ophthalmic glossary, it describes in depth how to assess the eyes and flags some key points to remember. Eye conditions such as acute glaucoma, acute anterior uveitis, episcleritis, corneal ulcers, ophthalmic shingles, conjunctivitis, and allergic eye disease are investigated. Tears and lacrimation are explored, along with blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and orbital swelling. Retinal problems such as retinoblastoma, loss of vision, primary open-angle glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration, and retinal detachment are described, moving on to visual field defects, squint, and pupil problems. Systemic disease and diabetes mellitus are explored, as well as ocular disease in pregnancy, the effect of drugs on the eye, and tropical eye disease. A look at vision rounds off the chapter, with refraction, contact lenses, refractive procedures, and blindness, before a glimpse of the possible future for the eye.

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