scholarly journals Method for reconstructing mortality by educational groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
László Németh ◽  
Domantas Jasilionis ◽  
Henrik Brønnum-Hansen ◽  
Dmitri A. Jdanov
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Life Tables ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Nonparametric Approach ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
National Life ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Country Specific ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract Background The lack of classification by educational attainment in death and population exposure data at older ages is an important constraint for studying changes and patterns of mortality disparities by education in Denmark and Sweden. The missing educational distribution of population also restricts analyses aiming at estimating contributions of compositional change to the improvements in national longevity. This study proposes a transparent approach to solve the two methodological issues allowing to obtain robust education-specific mortality estimates and population weights. Methods Using nonparametric approach, we redistribute the unknown cases and extrapolate the mortality curves of these sub-populations with the help of population-level data on an aggregate level from the Human Mortality Database. Results We present reconstructed and harmonized education-specific abridged and complete life tables for Sweden and Denmark covering 5-year-long periods from 1991–1995 to 2011–2015. The newly estimated life tables are in good agreement with the national life tables and show plausible age- and education-specific patterns. The observed changes in life expectancy by education suggest about the widening longevity gap between the highest and lowest educated for males and females in both countries. Conclusions The proposed simple and transparent method can be applied in similar country-specific cases showing large proportions of missing education or other socio-economic characteristics at older ages.

Notes on the New National Life Tables (1921 Census)

1928 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Murray Laing
Keyword(s):  
Life Tables ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
National Life ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Government ◽  
Considerable Detail

The Registrar-General's Decennial Supplement 1921—England and Wales—Part I, recently published, is of more than usual interest. It embodies the Report of the Government Actuary, Sir Alfred Watson, who was invited to undertake the task of preparing National Life Tables in connection with the Census of 1921.In addition to the preparation of English Life Tables No. 9 for Males and Females separately, the only other tables prepared with similar completeness were those relating to Greater London, being the area comprised within the radius of about fifteen miles measured from Charing Cross. On the other hand, the mortality experience of no fewer than twenty-six sections of the country, differentiated by geographical position and density of population, was examined in considerable detail—a feature which, together with others referred to later, distinguishes this investigation from its predecessors.

scholarly journals The association of Coronavirus Disease-19 mortality and prior bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination: a robust ecological analysis using unsupervised machine learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan A. Brooks ◽  
Ankur Puri ◽  
Sanya Garg ◽  
Swapnika Nag ◽  
Jacomo Corbo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Ecological Analysis ◽  
Bacille Calmette Guerin ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Specific Modeling ◽  
Related Mortality ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractPopulation-level data have suggested that bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination may lessen the severity of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) prompting clinical trials in this area. Some reports have demonstrated conflicting results. We performed a robust, ecologic analysis comparing COVID-19 related mortality (CRM) between strictly selected countries based on BCG vaccination program status utilizing publicly available databases and machine learning methods to define the association between active BCG vaccination programs and CRM. Validation was performed using linear regression and country-specific modeling. CRM was lower for the majority of countries with a BCG vaccination policy for at least the preceding 15 years (BCG15). CRM increased significantly for each increase in the percent population over age 65. A higher total population of a country and BCG15 were significantly associated with improved CRM. There was a consistent association between countries with a BCG vaccination for the preceding 15 years, but not other vaccination programs, and CRM. BCG vaccination programs continued to be associated with decreased CRM even for populations < 40 years old where CRM events are less frequent.

scholarly journals The association of Coronavirus Disease-19 mortality and prior bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination: a robust ecological evaluation using unsupervised machine learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan A Brooks ◽  
Ankur Puri ◽  
Sanya Garg ◽  
Swapnika Nag ◽  
Noshir Kaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Bacille Calmette Guerin ◽  
Ecological Evaluation ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Specific Modeling ◽  
Related Mortality ◽  
Country Specific

Abstract Population-level data have suggested that bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination may lessen the severity of Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) prompting clinical trials in this area. Some reports have demonstrated conflicting results. We performed a robust, ecologic analysis comparing COVID-19 related mortality (CSM) between strictly selected countries based on BCG vaccination program status utilizing publicly available databases and machine learning to define the association between active BCG vaccination programs and CSM. Validation was performed using linear regression and country-specific modeling. CSM was lower for 80% of similarly clustered countries with a BCG vaccination policy for at least the preceding 15 years (BCG15). CSM increased significantly for each increase in the percent population over age 65. The total population of a country and BCG15 were significantly associated with improved CSM. There was a consistent association between countries with a BCG vaccination for the preceding 15 years, but not other vaccination programs, and CSM.

scholarly journals Population-Level Prevalence, Bother, and Treatment Behavior for Urinary Incontinence in an Eastern European Country: Findings from the LUTS POLAND Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2314
Author(s):  
Mikolaj Przydacz ◽  
Marcin Chlosta ◽  
Piotr Chlosta
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Eastern European Country ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Objectives: Population-level data are lacking for urinary incontinence (UI) in Central and Eastern European countries. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence, bother, and behavior regarding treatment for UI in a population-representative group of Polish adults aged ≥ 40 years. Methods: Data for this epidemiological study were derived from the larger LUTS POLAND project, in which a group of adults that typified the Polish population were surveyed, by telephone, about lower urinary tract symptoms. Respondents were classified by age, sex, and place of residence. UI was assessed with a standard protocol and established International Continence Society definitions. Results: The LUTS POLAND survey included 6005 completed interviews. The prevalence of UI was 14.6–25.4%; women reported a greater occurrence compared with men (p < 0.001). For both sexes, UI prevalence increased with age. Stress UI was the most common type of UI in women, and urgency UI was the most prevalent in men. We did not find a difference in prevalence between urban and rural areas. Individuals were greatly bothered by UI. For women, mixed UI was the most bothersome, whereas for men, leak for no reason was most annoying. More than half of respondents (51.4–62.3%) who reported UI expressed anxiety about the effect of UI on their quality of life. Nevertheless, only around one third (29.2–38.1%) of respondents with UI sought treatment, most of whom received treatment. Persons from urban and rural areas did not differ in the degrees of treatment seeking and treatment receiving. Conclusion: Urinary incontinence was prevalent and greatly bothersome among Polish adults aged ≥ 40 years. Consequently, UI had detrimental effects on quality of life. Nonetheless, most affected persons did not seek treatment. Therefore, we need to increase population awareness in Poland about UI and available treatment methods, and we need to ensure adequate allocation of government and healthcare system resources.

scholarly journals The domestication of Cucurbita argyrosperma as revealed by the genome of its wild relative

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josué Barrera-Redondo ◽  
Guillermo Sánchez-de la Vega ◽  
Jonás A. Aguirre-Liguori ◽  
Gabriela Castellanos-Morales ◽  
Yocelyn T. Gutiérrez-Guerrero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Growth Hormones ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Structural Variants ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Genotype By Sequencing ◽  
Regulation Of Growth

AbstractDespite their economic importance and well-characterized domestication syndrome, the genomic impact of domestication and the identification of variants underlying the domestication traits in Cucurbita species (pumpkins and squashes) is currently lacking. Cucurbita argyrosperma, also known as cushaw pumpkin or silver-seed gourd, is a Mexican crop consumed primarily for its seeds rather than fruit flesh. This makes it a good model to study Cucurbita domestication, as seeds were an essential component of early Mesoamerican diet and likely the first targets of human-guided selection in pumpkins and squashes. We obtained population-level data using tunable Genotype by Sequencing libraries for 192 individuals of the wild and domesticated subspecies of C. argyrosperma across Mexico. We also assembled the first high-quality wild Cucurbita genome. Comparative genomic analyses revealed several structural variants and presence/absence of genes related to domestication. Our results indicate a monophyletic origin of this domesticated crop in the lowlands of Jalisco. We found evidence of gene flow between the domesticated and wild subspecies, which likely alleviated the effects of the domestication bottleneck. We uncovered candidate domestication genes that are involved in the regulation of growth hormones, plant defense mechanisms, seed development, and germination. The presence of shared selected alleles with the closely related species Cucurbita moschata suggests domestication-related introgression between both taxa.

scholarly journals Methodology of Natsal-COVID Wave 1: a large, quasi-representative survey with qualitative follow-up measuring the impact of COVID-19 on sexual and reproductive health in Britain

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Emily Dema ◽  
Andrew J Copas ◽  
Soazig Clifton ◽  
Anne Conolly ◽  
Margaret Blake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Impact

Background: Britain’s National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal) have been undertaken decennially since 1990 and provide a key data source underpinning sexual and reproductive health (SRH) policy. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted many aspects of sexual lifestyles, triggering an urgent need for population-level data on sexual behaviour, relationships, and service use at a time when gold-standard in-person, household-based surveys with probability sampling were not feasible. We designed the Natsal-COVID study to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the nation’s SRH and assessed the sample representativeness. Methods: Natsal-COVID Wave 1 data collection was conducted four months (29/7-10/8/2020) after the announcement of Britain’s first national lockdown (23/03/2020). This was an online web-panel survey administered by survey research company, Ipsos MORI. Eligible participants were resident in Britain, aged 18-59 years, and the sample included a boost of those aged 18-29. Questions covered participants’ sexual behaviour, relationships, and SRH service use. Quotas and weighting were used to achieve a quasi-representative sample of the British general population. Participants meeting criteria of interest and agreeing to recontact were selected for qualitative follow-up interviews. Comparisons were made with contemporaneous national probability surveys and Natsal-3 (2010-12) to understand bias. Results: 6,654 participants completed the survey and 45 completed follow-up interviews. The weighted Natsal-COVID sample was similar to the general population in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, rurality, and, among sexually-active participants, numbers of sexual partners in the past year. However, the sample was more educated, contained more sexually-inexperienced people, and included more people in poorer health. Conclusions: Natsal-COVID Wave 1 rapidly collected quasi-representative population data to enable evaluation of the early population-level impact of COVID-19 and lockdown measures on SRH in Britain and inform policy. Although sampling was less representative than the decennial Natsals, Natsal-COVID will complement national surveillance data and Natsal-4 (planned for 2022).

scholarly journals 1539Australia’s worsening mental health – what’s next?

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrinkhala Dawadi ◽  
Frances Shawyer ◽  
Helena Teede ◽  
Graham Meadows ◽  
Joanne Enticott
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Symptom Burden ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Policy And Strategy ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Related Symptom ◽  
Australian Census ◽  
Population Mental Health

Abstract Background The population prevalence of mental illness over time, and by sociodemographic subgroups, are important benchmark data. Examining reliable population level data can highlight groups with greater mental-illness related symptom burden and inform policy and strategy. Methods Secondary analysis of Australian National Health Surveys (n = 78,204) from 2001-02 to 2017-18. Trends in the prevalence of very high scores on the Kessler-10 (K10), a measure of psychological distress capturing symptoms of affective and anxiety disorders, were examined by time, age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Data were standardised to the 2001 Australian census population on the strata of sex and age. Results In 2017-18, the rate of probable mental illness was estimated at 5.1%, a 1.5% increase (representing an additional 367,000 Australians) since 2007. In 2017-18, the subgroups with the highest rates were women aged 18-24 (8.01%, 95% CI = 5.9%-10.2%), and the poorest fifth of Australians (8.02%, 95% CI = 7.0%-9.0%). Women aged 55-64 demonstrated the greatest increase in rates (2001: 3.5%, 95% CI = 2.5%-4.6%; 2017: 7.2%, 95% CI = 5.9%-8.5%; z = 4.10, p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions Despite efforts to improve population mental health, rates of probable mental illness in Australia have increased since 2007. Findings will be discussed in conjunction to extant social and health policies, and potential gaps in the delivery of gold-standard mental health care. Key messages The rate of probable mental illness in Australia seem to be increasing, especially in women aged 55-64, and those from low-SES backgrounds.

scholarly journals MEASURING QUALITY OF LIFE IN OLDER ADULTS LIVING WITH T2DM: A COMPARISON WITH YOUNGER ADULTS USING 2015 BRFSS DATA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S258-S259
Author(s):  
Brittany Smalls ◽  
Myles Moody ◽  
Matthew Rutledge ◽  
Amy Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
National Level ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Physical Burden ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
The Us ◽  
Optimal Health

Abstract Challenges due to burden of disease can affect adherence to self-care behaviors and optimal health outcomes in those living with T2DM. This study utilized state- and national-level data from the 2015 BRFSS to compare QoL measured by the prevalence of physical and mental burden days among older adults (OAs) compared to younger adults living with T2DM. The results of our analysis showed that OAs living in the US were significantly less likely to experience at least one mental burden day when compared to their younger counterparts (OR =0.61, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.64), while gender, education, race, BMI, and depression, CVD, or another chronic condition were significantly associated with the odds of experiencing at least one mental burden day. Whereas, in Kentucky OAs were less likely to experience at least one mental burden day when compared to their younger counterparts (OR= 0.48, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.66). Gender, education, BMI, and depression were significantly associated with the odds of experiencing at least one mental burden day or one physical burden day. The findings of this study suggests that the questions used by BRFSS to measure QoL may not be the most suitable for OAs who likely have different criteria for self-reported mental or physical burden days. When assessing QoL or burden of disease among the aging at a population level, considerable thought should be given into the questions asked and if they appropriately examine patient-level QoL in this population.

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