Rethinking of The Zone of Proximal Development: The Role of Parental Engagement in Children's Language Learning Skills

The present research investigated the efficacy of parent engagement in children's learning and achievement in the English language. It is emphasized that adult guidance in foreign language learning cannot necessarily play an influential role in children's zone of proximal development (ZPD). It seems that parents or adults should enjoy relative linguistic skills, while in Vygotsky's theory, there is ambiguity over some concepts such as adult guidance characteristics.The statistical society consisted of sixty Iranian children ranging from 9 to 10, divided randomly into three groups of experimental 1, experimental 2, and control. Children received face-to-face education while Telegram was used for their parents. The research results showed significantly more learning, skill training, parent involvement, and shared activities between children and parents in the experimental1 and experimental 2 groups compared to the control group. Moreover, a positive correlation is found between parent involvement and children's achievement in all three groups. The results also showed that parents' involvement and teaching involvement, and language skills had the most influence on parents' involvement. Furthermore, teaching engagement to parents had the most significant influence on children's activities. In addition, children's activities and language skill training had the most influence on their learning.

Availability of Special Education Related Services and Incentives for Children with Special Needs in Government Special Education Centres in Punjab: A Survey of Parental Perception

Parents' involvement in the rehabilitation process is very important. Parental views about the availability of related services and incentives are the significant indicators of their required particular needs. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the level of available related services and incentives in special education centers and to highlight their specific and suggestions for improvement of these services for students of four disabilities studying in these centers. A survey was conducted from 2019 to 2020 to collect data about demographic characteristics and information about related services and incentives provided to these special students from their parents and also their suggestions to improve these services. The sample consisted of 36 government special education centers at the Tehsil level, from which 479 questionnaires, filled by the parents of students, were received back. The results emphasized the low education and income of the parents, increasing incidence of disability in the families of special children, lack of available services and incentives in these centers, and acknowledged parental suggestions and recommendations. It was concluded from the survey that future planning of provisions of related services and incentives might be more helpful and effective if based on the requirements and preferences conveyed by parents of special students with four disabilities.

Saudi Parents' Involvement in Children's Education during COVID-19

The flare-up of coronavirus has reportedly put on many changes and wrecked chaos in almost all life aspects, economically, academically, and socially. School closure has led to homeschooling, where the responsibility of children's education was laid mainly in the parents' hands. Consequently, many parents were compelled to be significantly involved in their children's education. However, full parental engagement in children's education is seemed to be a comparatively new trend amongst Saudi parents. Drawing from existing literature on parents' involvement, this paper used a quantitative descriptive study through a survey method to access the experience of Saudi parents involved in homeschooling. A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit 51 Saudi parents.The findings showed that even though Saudi parents have encountered some challenges, they are facilitating their children's learning and assisting them throughout the online learning process. Parents' support was identified in different areas such as ensuring students' attendance of online sessions, nurturing a good session flow, connecting with teachers and parents via WhatsApp group, and taking full responsibility for mongering their children during exams. The result provided a comprehensive set of recommendations not only to parents but also to schools to consolidate a good connection between especially in times of crisis. It is envisaged that the results of this study will enrich the literature about this phenomenon which seems relatively new not only in the context where this study was situated but worldwide due to the pandemic of coronavirus or other unforeseen circumstances.

Parents’ Involvement in Education Activities and Learners’ Academic Performance in 12YBE Schools in Rwanda

The participation of parents in the performance of their children’ schooling activities play a significant role in the promotion of their school status and performance. The purpose of this paper therefore, was to establish the relationship between parents’ involvement in education activities and learners academic performance in 12Year Basic Education (YBE) schools in Nyarugenge district in Rwanda. The study adopted correlation research design while questionnaire, interview guide and document analysis review were used as data collection instruments. The target population was 1343. The study used simple random and stratified sampling techniques to get the sample size of 308 respondents. The study findings revealed there is a high significant positive relationship between parents’ participation in education activities at school and high score grades with 0.852. The correlation between parents’ participation in education activities was 0.873 and the correlation between parent’s participation in education activities at school and marks in discipline was .949 thus P = 0.000< 0.05. The study recommended that government should consider developing and implementing policies that support parents’ involvement in education activities. Parents should assist their children in doing their homework and set within their families an adequate environment by stimulating instructional activities and also time related to their students to revise their lessons as they also need to be cared for regarding their special needs. School principals have to cooperate with teaching staff and parents to enhance academic performance in their schools. Keywords: Parental involvement to education, learners’ academic performance and 12 years basic education

Parents’ Involvement in Education Activities and Learners’ Academic Performance in 12YBE Schools in Rwanda

The participation of parents in the performance of their children’ schooling activities play a significant role in the promotion of their school status and performance. The purpose of this paper therefore, was to establish the relationship between parents’ involvement in education activities and learners academic performance in 12Year Basic Education (YBE) schools in Nyarugenge district in Rwanda. The study adopted correlation research design while questionnaire, interview guide and document analysis review were used as data collection instruments. The target population was 1343. The study used simple random and stratified sampling techniques to get the sample size of 308 respondents. The study findings revealed there is a high significant positive relationship between parents’ participation in education activities at school and high score grades with 0.852. The correlation between parents’ participation in education activities was 0.873 and the correlation between parent’s participation in education activities at school and marks in discipline was .949 thus P = 0.000< 0.05. The study recommended that government should consider developing and implementing policies that support parents’ involvement in education activities. Parents should assist their children in doing their homework and set within their families an adequate environment by stimulating instructional activities and also time related to their students to revise their lessons as they also need to be cared for regarding their special needs. School principals have to cooperate with teaching staff and parents to enhance academic performance in their schools. Keywords: Parental involvement to education, learners’ academic performance and 12 years basic education

Immigrant and Non-immigrant Parents’ Involvement in Bullying Cases

This study aims at investigating parental involvement in bullying cases. Immigrant and non-immigrant parents are compared regarding their experience and understanding of causes of the bullying behaviour that their child is exposed to, how they experience the school’s handling of the bullying case, the home-school cooperation, and parents’ cooperation with other parents. A qualitative approach was used, and semi-structured interviews with 16 parents of targets of bullying were carried out (5 immigrant, 11 Norwegian, including two Sami parents). The targets were from primary and lower secondary school. Content analysis was conducted using the deductively developed and inductively enriched system of categories. The results of the study provided insights into parents’ experiences of a problematic school-parent collaboration, and also problematic relations to the other parents of the students involved in the respective bullying cases. Immigrant parents were more satisfied with the school than non-immigrant parents, but not with the relation to other parents. Vulnerability and ethnicity-based bullying appeared as aspects which should be paid especially attention to, regarding both implications and future research.

Predictors in ASD: The Importance of Parents' Perception

Several predictors may influence children's developmental trajectories with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and parents' concerns may play an important role. This study aimed to investigate developmental trajectories of two groups of children with ASD to understand predictive factors, including parental perception. We examined the clinical features of a sample of 55 children with ASD at 3 and 6 years of age in two moments of evaluation to understand this process. We used the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, (ADOS) in both moments. We selected two groups based on ADOS results at moment two: one group with a worse outcome (ADOS results above 8) and one group with a better outcome (ADOS results below 8 in the second moment). We also selected questions from a questionnaire (elaborated by the authors and used in clinical practice) applied to parents to understand if early parents' concerns may help to predict ASD prognosis. We found a significant association between imitation and playability and the child's prognostic. Also, Interactive Gestures, Beginning of Joint Attention, Reciprocity, and Pleasure in Interaction might help identify positive case evolution. Our findings are significant in early intervention program development, not only with direct intervention with the child but also including the parents' involvement in the intervention.

Parent’s Involvement in the Education of their Children with Disabilities in Primary Schools of Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia: Voices of Parents

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent of parents’ involvement in the education of children with disabilities and the role of parent’s socio-economic factors in their involvement in primary schools of Bahir Dar city. Qualitative research was carried out in the present study using the descriptive survey design to answer the research question. Data were collected using a questionnaire designed to measure six dimensions of parents’ involvement in education (parenting, communicating, learning at home, volunteering, decision making, and collaborating with the community) from 143 parents selected by means of a simple random sampling technique. Five primary schools were sampled for the present study. The data obtained were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics such as one–way MANOVA. The results indicated that involvement in ‘parenting’ is more prevalent than among dimensions of parental involvement in education. Parents revealed a below-expected level of involvement in communicating, learning at home, volunteering.