Exploring the Immune-Boosting Functions of Vitamins and Minerals as Nutritional Food Bioactive Compounds: A Comprehensive Review

Food components have long been recognized to play a fundamental role in the growth and development of the human body, conferring protective functionalities against foreign matter that can be severe public health problems. Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals are essential to the human body, and individuals must meet their daily requirements through dietary sources. Micronutrients act as immunomodulators and protect the host immune response, thus preventing immune evasion by pathogenic organisms. Several experimental investigations have been undertaken to appraise the immunomodulatory functions of vitamins and minerals. Based on these experimental findings, this review describes the immune-boosting functionalities of micronutrients and the mechanisms of action through which these functions are mediated. Deficiencies of vitamins and minerals in plasma concentrations can lead to a reduction in the performance of the immune system functioning, representing a key contributor to unfavorable immunological states. This review provides a descriptive overview of the characteristics of the immune system and the utilization of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) in preventative strategies designed to reduce morbidity and mortality among patients suffering from immune invasions or autoimmune disorders.

Effect of Short-Term Desiccation, Recovery Time, and CAPA–PVK Neuropeptide on the Immune System of the Burying Beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides

Environmental conditions, especially related to winter, are crucial for shaping activity of insect immune system. However, our previous research clearly indicates differences in the immune system functioning when the cold stress was induced in the laboratory conditions and when the beetles were collected from natural environment during winter. This is probably related to the multiplication of observed effects by simultaneous presence of different stress factors characteristic of winter, including desiccation. For these reasons, our next step was analysis of the effects of short-term desiccation and recovery time on the functioning of immune system of burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. Also, the effect of Tenmo–PVK-2 (tenebrionid periviscerokinin), member of the CAPA–PVK neuropeptide family, was investigated to better understand observed changes. Short-term desiccation decreases the phagocytic activity of burying beetle haemocytes, which is correlated with a reduction in their adhesive ability. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in phenoloxidase (PO) activity and the level of proPO expression, which may suggest sealing the cuticula by melanin deposition and prevention of water loss. Additionally, the elevated level of defensin expression may be associated with the cross-talk between mechanisms, which participate in insect response to environmental stress, including pathogen infection. After 1 h of recovery time, the activity of tested cellular and humoral mechanisms was mostly back to the control level. However, inhibition of the activity of PO and down-regulation of proPO were noted. These results also indicate importance of melanin deposition during water loss. Moreover, it suggests that some changes in immune system functioning during stress conditions do not have an immune function. Interestingly, part of the effects characteristic of recovery time were also observed after the application of Tenmo–PVK-2, mainly related to haemocyte morphology. These results indicate that CAPA–PVK neuropeptides may also influence on activity of burying beetle immune system. It should be also highlighted that, because of the study of the effects of CAPA–PVK neuropeptides, homologs of vertebrate neuromedin U, the results may be interesting for search evolutionary similarities in the functioning of the neuroendocrine system of insects and vertebrates.

ISLAMIC FASTING DURING RAMADAN WILL NEGATIVELY IMPACT ON PANDEMIC OF COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

The aim of this review is to prove Islamic Fasting during COVID-19 pandemic has negative effect on the spreading of the virus. Basically Water makes up about 60% of one’s body weight. Fasting in Islamic religion is to stop drinking and eating any kinds of food/drinks (Water). even a little amount is forbidden during this month (Ramadan) and the duration is almost 29-30 days. In this review, we have mentioned the impact of fasting in causing Organ/Cellular inflammation, dehydration, dampen cellular/body metabolism which reduces producing enough ATP by mitochondrion through citric acid cycle (CAC) which causes body and organ weakness, dizziness, tiredness and reduction in immune system functioning of the body and increasing the amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species in cells that increasing the possibility of contamination the fasted individual to several important diseases. Infectious diseases including microbial/viral diseases, high abnormal heart rate as a result of falling blood volume which put high pressure on heart and worsen heart disease. The humidity and temperature of the environment in spring time is also help spreading viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Based on evidences in this article, Islamic Fasting during the pandemic of COVID-19 will increase the rate of contaminated people.

Challenges in researching the immune pathways between early life adversity and psychopathology

Exposure to childhood adversity is a critical risk factor for the development of psychopathology. A growing field of research examines how exposure to childhood adversity is translated into biological risk for psychopathology through alterations in immune system functioning, most notably heightened levels of inflammation biomarkers. Though our knowledge about how childhood adversity can instantiate biological risk for psychopathology is growing, there remain many challenges and gaps in the field to understand how inflammation from childhood adversity contributes to psychopathology. This paper reviews research on the inflammatory outcomes arising from childhood adversity and presents four major challenges that future research must address: (a) the measurement of childhood adversity, (b) the measurement of inflammation, (c) the identification of mediators between childhood adversity and inflammation, and (d) the identification of moderators of inflammatory outcomes following childhood adversity. We discuss synergies and inconsistencies in the literature to summarize the current understanding of the association between childhood adversity, a proinflammatory phenotype, and the biological risk for psychopathology. We discuss the clinical implications of the inflammatory links between childhood adversity and psychopathology, including possibilities for intervention. Finally, this review conclude by delineates future directions for research, including issues of how best to detect, prevent, and understand these “hidden wounds” of childhood adversity.

Islamic Fasting during Ramadan will Negatively Impact on Pandemic of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

The aim of this review is to prove Islamic Fasting during COVID-19 pandemic has negative effect on the spreading of the virus. Basically Water makes up about 60% of one’s body weight. Fasting in Islamic religion is to stop drinking and eating any kinds of food/drinks (Water). even a little amount is forbidden during this month (Ramadan) and the duration is almost 29-30 days. In this review, we have mentioned the impact of fasting in causing Organ/Cellular inflammation, dehydration, dampen cellular/body metabolism which reduces producing enough ATP by mitochondrion through citric acid cycle (CAC) which causes body and organ weakness, dizziness, tiredness and reduction in immune system functioning of the body and increasing the amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species in cells that increasing the possibility of contamination the fasted individual to several important diseases. Infectious diseases including microbial/viral diseases, high abnormal heart rate as a result of falling blood volume which put high pressure on heart and worsen heart disease. The humidity and temperature of the environment in spring time is also help spreading viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Based on evidences in this article, Islamic Fasting during the pandemic of COVID-19 will increase the rate of contaminated people.

Islamic Fasting During Ramadan will Negatively Impact on Pandemic of Covid-19 (Sars-Cov-2).

The aim of this review is to prove Islamic Fasting during COVID-19 pandemic has negative effect on the spreading of the virus. Basically Water makes up about 60% of one’s body weight. Fasting in Islamic religion is to stop drinking and eating any kinds of food/drinks (Water). even a little amount is forbidden during this month (Ramadan) and the duration is almost 29-30 days. In this review, we have mentioned the impact of fasting in causing Organ/Cellular inflammation, dehydration, dampen cellular/body metabolism which reduces producing enough ATP by mitochondrion through citric acid cycle (CAC) which causes body and organ weakness, dizziness, tiredness and reduction in immune system functioning of the body and increasing the amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species in cells that increasing the possibility of contamination the fasted individual to several important diseases. Infectious diseases including microbial/viral diseases, high abnormal heart rate as a result of falling blood volume which put high pressure on heart and worsen heart disease. The humidity and temperature of the environment in spring time is also help spreading viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Based on evidences in this article, Islamic Fasting during the pandemic of COVID-19 will increase the rate of contaminated people.