DARI ANARKI KE HIRARKI: EKSPOSISI GAGASAN THOMAS HOBBES SEBAGAI RUJUKAN TEORI REALISME

In International Relation theory discourse, Classical Realism has some typical characteristics that differentiate it from other theories. The typical characteristics can be indicated by the ideas of Anarchy and Conflict. The two ideas in Classical Realism theory refers to Thomas Hobbes� Political Philosophy on the State of Nature. Considering that the two ideas are only two of the entire ideas of Thomas Hobbes� Political Philosophy, the State of Anarchy and Conflict in Classical Realism theory needs to be completed with other ideas. The writing has been made to show the function of ratio as a reason to seek peace in a hierarchical relation through Leviathan�s power. Therefore, it can be seen that Thomas Hobbes discusses not only about the state of anarchy but also the fact of hierarchical system urgency to avoid conflict.

STATE CRISIS AND REBUILDING: ADAPTATION AND CHANGE

The crises of the state and the rebuilding of the state waw linked to the shifting of contests and critical review, and the theoretical and methodological development of the study of the phenomenon, especially what was produced by the rapid developments of globalization and the challenges facing the state, and then there was an urgent necessity to review the foundation and characteristics of the state’s reconstruction and the levels of its analysis, which is what he sought the owners of contemporary political theory, including: Jurgen Habermas, John Rawls, in the study of this phenomenon, through the reconstruction of the model state according to the response of the individual and society. Globalization has imposed in its contexts theoretical and practical challenges through the lack of conformity and compatibility of the concept with the current reality in accordance with the changes occurring in international relation. This article aims to understand and realize these changes and adapt them to new development, which contribute to the reconsideration of the concept of the state to arrive at the true concept of state building.

Dimensions of rivalry: China, the United States, and Europe

The U.S.–China rivalry has become a guiding paradigm of international relation that can only be understood in its multidimensionality. Europe is not an equidistant observer of this conflict: European views of China have become much more critical, particularly with regard to human rights, China’s increasingly assertive regional posture and its perceived attempts to export its authoritarian political model. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased rather than mitigated mistrust. For Europe, the idea of “decoupling” from China is not an option. Rather Europe is developing its own instruments for a more coordinated China policy. It will likely continue to see China both as a competitor and as a multilateral partner and at the same time seek close coordination with the Biden administration on most international issues, including relations with China.

Psychosocial Response to National Security

National security is perhaps one of the key areas of research which receives continuous attention from the scholars of strategic studies, military science, and of course some of the disciplines of social science such as political science and international relation. One way of pursuing interest in national security is to delve the threat perception which emanates from across the border and is likely to influence socio-political sphere of the nation. On the other hand, the diversity in the socio-cultural landscape of the nation characterized by ethnicity and linguistic based sub-national identities is equally important so far as enriching one’s knowledge base in the domain of internal security is concerned. Within the realm of psychology, military psychology is possibly one sub-discipline which tries to address this gap. However, psychology is yet to receive a space in the intellectual terrain of studies on national security.

Nepal-China-India Relation: A Geostrategic Perspectives

This paper is an attempt to trace out the Nepal ‘s China-India relation in the context of dynamic changes of powerful nations of the world as well as emerging regional countries. Existing international relation of Nepal is needed tactic diplomacy to take maximum economic and technological benefits from global major powerful countries and emerging regional countries. The existing foreign relation of Nepal and future adaptive strategies have been discussed using qualitative approach. By reviewing and synthesizing ongoing initiations of present government at the global, regional and national level, paper drew the conclusion to maintain balance relation between and among the north -south two neighbors including super power of the world. Paper further emphasized to adopt among equals foreign relation strategy to take benefits from the emerging powerful countries in the Asian region.

A Response to the Millennium Forum

In my response to the contributors to this forum on Ontological Entanglements I take a few steps down the crossroads they have explored. I reflect on the critiques they moved, on the generative potential of quantum ontological research they highlighted and sketch possible avenues for future inquiry. First, I clarify the position of Ontological Entanglements vis a vis feminist and queer theories. While my work deeply relies on this literature, its scope is different. Quantum ontological critique explores how science, as a field of truth, shapes political imaginaries, to include gender. It challenges the prevailing Newtonian substantialism of the discipline of International Relation, addresses the broader implications of scientific ontological imaginaries for the political, and proposes an ethos based on non-substantialist ontological and casual stories. Furthermore, I start exploring the generative potential of the conversations trailblazed by the contributors to this forum: the intriguing but un-easy dialogue with post-critique; and the fruitful engagement with temporality studies, affect theory and decolonial thought, in particular with regard to non-substantialist conceptualizations of time and war, radical entanglement and the ontogenetic property of practices.

Kebijakan Luar Negeri Sebagai Manifestasi Eksistensi Negara

International relation can not be separated from state as the main actor. It is common for state to gain interest as much as it needs. Foreign policy becomes a way to communicate with another state. The state can use their foreign policy not only to communicate but also to show their manifestation and existance in the international system. Before producing a foreign policy, a state might want to prepare themselves in order to create a suitable policy for their people. Several factors like geographical position and demography or military strengh might influence the foreign policy. A decent foreign policy should reflect the will of the people. Foreign policy in the other way as a proof of existence could use a tool to deal with others