The Electrostatic Model of Homeopathy: The Mechanism of Physicochemical Activities of Homeopathic Medicines

This paper attempts to propose a model, called the electrostatic model of homeopathy, to explain a mechanism for the physicochemical activities of highly diluted homeopathic medicines (HMs). According to this proposed model, the source of HMs' action is dipole orientations as electrostatic imprints of the original molecules carried by diluent molecules (such as sugar molecules) or potentization-induced aqueous nanostructures. The nanoscale domains' contact charging and dielectric hysteresis play critical roles in the aqueous nanostructures' or sugar molecules' acquisition of the original molecules' dipole orientations. The mechanical stress induced by dynamization (vigorous agitation or trituration) is a crucial factor that facilitates these phenomena. After dynamization is completed, the transferred charges revert to their previous positions but, due to dielectric hysteresis, they leave a remnant polarization on the aqueous nanostructures or sugar molecules' nanoscale domains. This causes some nanoscale domains of the aqueous nanostructures or sugar molecules to obtain the original substance molecules' dipole orientations. A highly diluted HM may have no molecule of the original substance, but the aqueous nanostructures or sugar molecules may contain the original substance's dipole orientations. Therefore, HMs can precisely aim at the biological targets of the original substance molecules and electrostatically interact with them as mild stimuli.

A comparison of contact charging and impact ionization in low-velocity impacts: implications for dust detection in space

We investigate the generation of charge due to collision between projectiles with sizes below ∼1 µm and metal surfaces at speeds ∼0.1 to 10 km s−1. This corresponds to speeds above the elastic limit and well below speeds where volume ionization can occur. Impact charge production at these low to intermediate speeds has traditionally been described by invoking the theory of shock wave ionization. By looking at the thermodynamics of the low-velocity solution of shock wave ionization, we find that such a mechanism alone is not sufficient to account for the recorded charge production in a number of scenarios in the laboratory and in space. We propose a model of capacitive contact charging that involves no direct ionization, in which we allow for projectile fragmentation upon impact. Furthermore, we show that this model describes measurements of metal–metal impacts in the laboratory well. We also address contact charging in the context of ice-on-metal collisions and apply our results to rocket observations of mesospheric dust. In general, we find that contact charging dominates at speeds of up to a few kilometres per second and complements shock wave ionization up to speeds where direct ionization can take place. The conditions that we consider can be applied to dust particles naturally occurring in space and in Earth's upper atmosphere and their direct impacts on rockets, spacecraft, and impacts of secondary ejecta.

β-cyclodextrin enhanced polyethylene terephthalate film with improved contact charging ability in high humidity environment

Moisture in environment can severely decrease the contact charging property of polymers, which usually reduces the output of the solid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), hindering their further practical applications. To solve...

A Comparison of Contact Charging and Impact Ionization in Low Velocity Impacts: Implications for Dust Detection in Space

We investigate the generation of charge during collision of projectiles with sizes below ~ 1 μm and metal surfaces at speeds ~ 0.1 km/s. This corresponds to speeds above the elastic limit and well below speeds where volume ionization can occur. The conditions that we consider apply to dust particles naturally occurring in space and in Earth's upper atmosphere and their direct impacts on rockets, spacecraft, and impacts of secondary ejecta. We introduce a model of capacitive contact charging in which we allow for projectile fragmentation upon impact, and show that this model describes measurements of metal-metal impacts in the laboratory and in-situ measurements of dust in the Earth's atmosphere well. We have considered the utilization of our model for different scenarios in interplanetary space and in Earth's atmosphere. From this discussion we find it likely that our work can be employed in a number of situations where impact velocities are relatively small. Furthermore, we have discussed the thermodynamics of the low velocity solution of shock wave ionization, and conclude that the impurity charging effect utilized in the much used model of Drapatz and Michel (1974) does not sufficiently describe charge generation at impact speeds below a few kilometers per second. Consequently, impact charging at low speeds cannot be described with a Saha-solution.

A fragmentation model approach for low velocity impact charging

<p>This work addresses the generation of charge during impacts of nano- to microscale projectiles on metal surfaces at speeds from 0.1 to 10 km/s. These speeds are well above the range of elastic deformation and well below speeds where volume ionization occures. Earlier models have utilized impurity diffusion through molten grains together with a Saha-equation to model impact ionization at these speeds. In this work we employ a model of capacitive contact charging in which we allow for projectile fragmentation upon impact. We show that this model well describes laboratory measurements of metal projectiles impacting metal targets. It also can describe in-situ measurements of dust in the Earth’s atmosphere made from rockets. We also address limitations of the currently most used model for impact ionization.</p>

Improvement in energy conversion for unmanned aerial vehicle charging pad

<span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">An efficient charging station is a necessity for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems. However, if that implementation adds more complexity and onboard weight, then that exercise becomes a burden rather than a benefit since UAV's engineers aim to improve efficiency by reducing the energy consumed by the software and hardware of the complete aeronautical system. This article recommends a fully automatic contact charging station for UAVs, which can charge UAVs and thus resolve flight endurance restrictions of the UAV. The ground station consists of square copper plates that are positively and negatively polarized successively in a chessboard with particular sizes to guarantee electric contact at the landing. The design methodology used with the loading station takes into account the differences in UAV orientation once the platform has landed. In addition, this innovation uses independent charging after touchdown. Thus, this technology relaxes common flight times and help to enhance general mission times. This paper presents a unique charging platform in a “chessboard” configuration, which is devised as an interconnecting interface to facilitate the charging process and overcome inaccuracies with the landing. The solution devised in this research requires few components and presents two power source options (solar &amp; mains power). Additionally, this work presents, to the best of our knowledge, a uniquely innovative recharging landing platform, which incidentally requires no additional software or changes to the UAV’s onboard software settings</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">.</span>

Релаксация тока в монокристаллах TlGa-=SUB=-1-x-=/SUB=-Dy-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Se-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=- (x=0.01; 0.03)

The low-temperature relaxation processes in TlGa_1 – _ x Dy_ x Se_2 ( x = 0.01, 0.03) single crystals have been studied experimentally. The physical parameters which characterize the electron processes in Ag–TlGa_1 – _ x Dy_ x Se_2–Ag samples have been determined using the estafette transfer mechanism of the charge formed at deep traps due to the carrier injection from a contact: the effective mobility of the charge transferred due to deep centers, the sample contact capacity, the region of accumulation of the charge in the samples, the contact charging constant, and the flight time of charge carriers through the sample.

A Robot System Maintained with Small Scale Distributed Energy Sources

An energy autonomy system is sustained by energy from independent and distributed sources. This paper presents a robot system that obtains energy from renewable energy sources distributed over a large area with limited storage capacity. We constructed a linearized charge model to estimate the required energy node capacity and distribution for the robot to survive. For a robot to obtain energy from an energy source, it must be able to recognize the energy node and able to receive energy reliably. We used wireless power transfer to solve conventional contact charging problems, such as mechanical complexity and unstable contact, and image information was used to recognize the energy nodes and align the transmission coils accurately. A small scale renewable energy source was constructed and a charge experiment was conducted to verify the proposed autonomy system feasibility.