scholarly journals Russian-Mongolian Trade and Economic Relations at the Beginning of the 20th Century: History and Stages of Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Batunaev Eduard V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Trade Analysis ◽  
Economic Ties

For a long time, trade relations in this region have played an important role between agricultural and nomadic cultures. The Great Silk Road, the first trans-Eurasian trade route connecting East Asia and the Mediterranean in antiquity and the Middle Ages, promoted an intensive exchange of goods, interpenetration of cultures, transfer of knowledge and technology. Russia and Mongolia have long common borders, close economic, cultural, and religious ties of border territories. The study shows the development of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations, considers the volume of trade, analysis of the range of goods, the ratio of the trade turnover of the Russian-Mongolian trade, the main directions of trade routes, expeditions to study the Mongolian market. The characterization of the rivalry of Russian, Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs in Mongolia is given. Different positions of Russian statesmen, trade circles and the public regarding the prospects of Russian-Mongolian trade are revealed. An assessment of the routes of scientific and trade expeditions in the study of the state of the Mongolian market is given. The problematic sides in the Russian-Mongolian trade and the ways of their solution are revealed. Particular attention is paid to cross-border territories that played an important role in the development of trade and economic relations. In his work, the author relied mainly on the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity, historical-genetic, historical-dynamic, comparative-historical, retrospective methods, which allowed the most complete analysis of the main stages and patterns, dynamics of trade, problems and prospects for the development of Russian Mongolian trade and economic ties. An analysis of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations allowed the author to come to the conclusion that, despite the existing problems in the development of trade, Mongolia occupied an important place in the political and economic interests of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, especially for Siberian commercial and industrial capital, which had common long borders and long-standing trade and economic ties. The study showed that the border territories of Siberia were closely integrated into trade and economic relations with Mongolia and were a kind of outpost in Russia’s Far Eastern policy.

scholarly journals Trade and Economic Relations of Early Medieval Kyrgyz State

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muratbek Kozhobekov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Written Sources

According to written sources of trade with neighboring countries occupied an important place in the economy of the Kyrgyz State. That would create a successful economy, as well as to meet the needs of consumers the Kyrgyz State established extensive trade links in the Central Asian region. Trading partners of the Kyrgyz in the early middle ages were economic developed countries East and Central Asia. This reflects the fact that the degree of development of the Kyrgyz people related to trading partners. In general terms, the characteristics of the Kyrgyz State trade relations with neighboring countries in the period VII-X centuries. Thus, definition and comparison of different time in bars allow you to re-evaluate the economic and political aspects of the problem components.

TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF ISRAEL IN THE MIDDLE EAST

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Evgenii V. Palamarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Major Trading Partner ◽  
Economic Interaction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Israeli Economy

The lack of Russian-language research on the features of the economic development of Israel as an OECD member state underlines the urgent need to identify new trends in the Israeli economy. Not taking into account the existing variety of humanitarian studies, and especially the concentration of studies on the political history of Israel and its modern component, we can recognize a clear lack of work that would cover Israeli economy. Current trends in Israeli trade relations, which have begun to make the mselves clear, require both consideration of effective trade and economic interaction between Israel and Palestine, and identification of the peculiarities of hidden regional trade and economic ties. Israel and Palestine are in close cooperation on the exchange of labor and goods, despite the lack of a political settlement. For Palestine, Israel is a major trading partner, and Palestine plays a key security role for Israel. The second important aspect in covering new trends in the Israeli economy may be the need to study the nascent format of cooperation between Israel and the Middle East. The article explores the specifics of economic relations between Israel and the countries of the Middle East, reveals the growing role of economic relations between Israel and the countries of the region.

Development of transportation types and their usage on caravan roads in middle ages

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Jahongir Yunusugli Ergashev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
Sand Storm ◽  
Natural Climate ◽  
Daily Load ◽  
Daily Distance

During the existence of the Bukhara khanate, the economic and trade relations with neighboring countries on the territory of Central Asia have been largely based on transport system of the old network of roads. Along with the formation and development of communication routes, transportation vehicles also improved based on the natural climate and geographical location of different regions.  In the following article the info is given on the means of the transport used in the caravan routes in the trade-economic relations of khanate of Bukhara with neighboring countries in medieval times. Included there, the starting of domestication and usage of horse drawn vehicles, camels, donkeys and others, the capacity of daily load of camels, horses, donkeys which were core of caravans, their daily distance, the necessary tasks in the incidents occurred in caravan routes (injuries, bruises, contagious diseases) the stopping regulation of caravans (sand storm, in heat and frost) is thoroughly analyzed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Global Economic and Political Factors and Challenges of the Eurasian Economic Integration

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 34-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Zubenko ◽  
A. M. Masalimova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Integration Effect ◽  
Economic Ties

The development of the EAEU takes place in the context of the formation of a new system of world economic relations and the transformation of the rules of world trade. Further areas of multilateral cooperation between states and regional integration associations are emerging (including the digital economy, cryptocurrencies). As a consequence of the aggressive foreign policy of economically developed countries, the regionalization of trade and economic ties is gaining popularity, which makes it urgent to reformat trade relations with regional integration associations. Along with this, the primary integration effect associated with the opening of national markets and the simplification of trade rules, which manifested itself at the first stages of the formation of the customs union and the single economic space (CES), is being exhausted. The volumes of mutual trade of the member states are changing, but its share in the capacity of the common market of the EAEU remains virtually unchanged from year to year. The further growth of trade and economic ties within the EAEU is mainly due to the removal of existing obstacles and the qualitative improvement of the conditions for doing cross-border business. Various negative phenomena distort the integration agenda and substantially neutralize the positive effects of integration. The reasons noted above make the task of a comprehensive study of the economic and geopolitical factors of the integration of member states and new challenges to the integration processes urgent. To develop approaches to strategic planning for the development of the EAEU, adequate assessments of the use of the integration potential of the member states should be made and areas with the most significant reserves for building up integration cooperation should be identified. The full involvement of Armenia and Kyrgyzstan in the orbit of the Eurasian economic integration, as well as severe changes in the external economic situation that have occurred in recent years, require the actualization of possible scenarios for the development of the Eurasian Economic Union and the development of new tactics for the response of the EAEU and the Union member states to newly emerging factors and challenges affecting on integration processes.

scholarly journals Traditional Belarusian wooden calendar from Sluck County

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-110
Author(s):  
Ilya S. Butov ◽  
Dzmitry V. Skvarcheuski
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Similar Type ◽  
Sign System ◽  
Local Origin ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Draw Conclusion ◽  
The Middle Ages

Carved wooden calendars were known to many peoples from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 20th century. For example, the Scandinavian ones are well enough studied, but about the existence of such calendars among Belarusians wasn’t known for a long time. The Russian Museum of Ethnography has a carved calendar from the Sluck County. Today it is the only such Belarusian artifact. The article presents a description of a carved wooden calendar from the Čudzin Village, Sluck County. A brief overview of other calendars of a similar type is shown. The prerequisites for the formation and distribution of such artifacts on the territory of Belarus were studied. The article discusses the sign system used to designate holidays and working periods, which correlate with the calendar tradition of the region. Based on the data obtained, the authors draw conclusion about the local origin of the calendar.

scholarly journals ԵՎՐԱՍԻԱԿԱՆ ՏՆՏԵՍԱԿԱՆ ՄԻՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԱՆԴԱՄ ԵՐԿՐՆԵՐԻ ՓՈԽԱԴԱՐՁ ԱՌԵՎՏՐԻ ՎԵՐԼՈՒԾՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ/MUTUAL TRADE ANALYSIS OF EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION MEMBER STATES/АНАЛИЗ ВЗАИМНОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ ГОСУДАРСТВ-ЧЛЕНОВ ЕВРАЗИЙСКОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО СОЮЗА

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-123
Author(s):  
Misak Avagyan
Keyword(s):  
Union Member ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Balanced Development ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Eurasian Economic Union ◽  
Economic Union ◽  
Structure Of Trade ◽  
Trade Analysis

The purpose of this article is to identify trends in the development of integration processes in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and present the level of trade and economic relations between the participating countries through an analysis of mutual trade between the member countries of the Union. Studying the movement and structure of trade relations between the EAEU member states, there has been identified those economic areas the development which can hence contribute to the expansion of mutual trade. To present the level of trade complementarity between member states, the author calculated the trade complementarity indexes in accordance with the commodity structure of trade of each country with other EAEU member countries and presented their estimates. Finally, some obstacles to the balanced development of mutual trade of the EAEU member countries has been laid out and a number of ways of eliminating them has been then presented.

scholarly journals The dynamics and the current state of trade and economic ties between Ukraine and CIS countries has been analysed

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (40) ◽  
pp. 156-168
Author(s):  
N. Gasuliak
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cis Countries ◽  
Economic Ties

The main parameters, structural features, geographical areas of foreign trade relations of Ukraine with the CIS countries has been reviewd, as well as the main problems in the framework of cooperation between Ukraine and these countries has been highlighted. Ke ywords: CIS countries, trade and economic relations, trade in goods, trade in services, volume of exports, imports, trade, balance of foreign trade in goods and services, investments.

scholarly journals China's Trade Relations with the United States in Perspective

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Wang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
To Come ◽  
World Economic Order ◽  
Economic Ties

China's trade relations with the United States over the past four decades is a topic that has not been fully dealt with in scholarly works. This paper charts the course of US-China economic relations since 1971, explains the principal forces stimulating growth and encouraging change and, finally, discusses how these two economic giants fit into an interlocking Asian and world economy. In reaction to the post-2008 financial downturn, advocates for a new world economic order have suggested a rebalancing of global demand, which will arguably become a major, politically charged issue in the US and in China in the years to come. Growing economic interdependence has quickly presented new challenges and opportunities, with issues such as human rights, Most-Favoured-Nation status, the Taiwan and Tibet question, and the huge American trade deficit threatening to cloud the relationship at times. With China's emergence as a major power and America's hegemonic ambitions tested in successive wars, the contradiction between a booming commercial relationship and conflict associated with geopolitical and ideological differences will continue to constitute a serious challenge. The long-term goal for each side will be to forge economic ties strong enough to create a stable political relationship, rather than to be held hostage by geopolitical constraints.

HISTORY OF THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST FREIGHT VEHICLES, TRADE RELATIONS AND CARAVAN ROUTES IN THE KHOREZM OASIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Fazliddin Jumaniyozov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Freight Vehicles

This article describes the emergence of the first freight vehicles in the Khorezm oasis,the formation of trade relations, and the ancient caravan routes. Up to the 20th century most of the freight transported to the Khorezm region by caravans, and created unique caravan routes in the region

„Arvīd, uz kurieni Tu aizgāji?”: Arvīda Griguļa personības loma Rakstnieku savienības vēsturē

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
Madara Eversone
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
State Archive ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
Literary Process ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Impact

The article aims to highlight the role of Arvīds Grigulis’ (1906–1989) personality in the Latvian Soviet literary process in the context of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union, attempting to discover the contradictions and significance of Arvīds Grigulis’ personality. Arvīds Grigulis was a long-time member of the Writers’ Union, a member of the Soviet nomenklatura, and an authority of the soviet literary process. His evaluations of pre-soviet literary heritage and writings of his contemporaries were often harsh and ruthless, and also influenced the development of the further literary process. The article is based on the documents of the Central Committee of the Latvian Communist Party, the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union and the Communist Party local organization of the Latvian Soviet Writers’ Union that are available at the Latvian State Archive of the National Archives of Latvia, as well as memories of Grigulis’ contemporaries. It is concluded that the personality of the writer Arvīds Grigulis, although unfolding less in the context of the Writers’ Union, is essential for the exploration of the soviet literary process and events behind the scenes. The article mainly describes events and episodes taking place until 1965, when Arvīds Grigulis’ influence in the Writers’ Union was more remarkable. Individual and further studies should analyse changes and the impact of his decisions in the cultural process of the 70s and 80s of the 20th century.

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