nature family

Man is a subject with liberty, truth; An individual is a creative person. The existence of individuals is not separate from the means of living. The means of subsistence is the end, the person is the means, so helplessness, unhappiness, and falsehood appear. Removing falsehoods makes standards defining functions and duties of grandparents, parents, spouses, brothers, and children appear. Standards appear to be meaningful in the ownership, binding, and mutual use of individuals. The existence of standards makes the family the living organization of individuals. Patriarchal habits, brute force, violence, taking advantage of families to hurt each other. Parents defending and protecting their children is an animal instinct, and compliance with standards is irresponsible. The norm that binds individuals to only use each other in the family is not to have universal humanity. Money appears to abolish the false norm becomes to abolish the family. Abolish family norms expressed in separation, divorce, eliminate violence, sexual weakness, respect men, and despise women so that people can relate to each other with common humanity, that is, bring individuals back to life return to a life of freedom, truth, and creativity.

Support Exchanges Among Very Old Parents and Their Children: Findings From the Boston Aging Together Study

Very old parents and their “old” children are a growing group in industrialized countries worldwide. Care needs of very old parents can be substantial, while children may also face their own age-related issues. However, little is known about support exchanges within very-old parent-child dyads. This study aimed to identify patterns of support exchanges occurring in these dyads, as well as to ascertain individual and relationship factors associated with these patterns. Participants were 114 very old parents (age ≥ 90) and their children (age ≥ 65) from the Boston Aging Together Study. Data were collected using comprehensive, semistructured in-person interviews with both dyad members, including standardized assessments of support exchanges, relationship quality, health, and perceptions of family norms. Actor-Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) were used to predict upward and downward support reported by children and parents. Both dyad members not only reported substantial upward support (given to parents by children) in all domains but also notable amounts of downward support (given to children by parents) in the domains of emotional support, listening, and socializing. Findings showed significant associations of parent functional impairment, parent and child relationship quality, and child perceptions of family obligation with upward support, and of relationship quality with downward support. Continued support exchanges among very old parents and their children indicated that intergenerational theories still hold up in very late life relationships. Healthcare professionals should be aware that attention to relationship quality and family norms might be vital to ensure that support needs are met.

Loneliness Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are Unpartnered and Childless Older Adults at Higher Risk?

Objectives: COVID-19 mitigation efforts had the potential to exacerbate loneliness among older adults, particularly for the unpartnered or childless, yet COVID-19 loneliness among these groups remains unstudied. Methods: Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) collected before (October 2019- March 2020) and during the pandemic (June-August 2020), we examine two loneliness outcomes: 1) “have you felt lonely recently?” (both waves), and 2) “have you felt lonelier than before the pandemic?” (2020), and explore differences by partnership and parenthood status. Results: Before COVID-19, those who lacked one tie but had the other (unpartnered parents or partnered childless) were at highest loneliness risk. During COVID-19, unpartnered and childless—especially unpartnered—remain at higher risk for loneliness, entering loneliness, and not “exiting” loneliness. Discussion: We discuss these findings in light of family norms and needs in pandemic and non-pandemic times, and provide recommendations for future research.

Parent Involvement Factors During High School From the Perspectives of Academically Successful Black Male College Students: Implications for School Counselors

This study used a strengths-based approach to examine the distribution of perceived parent involvement factors during high school from the perspective of academically successful Black male college students. Black males enrolled in an undergraduate degree program at a university in the southern region of the United States completed Yan and Lin’s Parent Involvement During High School survey, adapted from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988. Results revealed that among the distribution of the three factors (family obligation, parent information network, and family norms), Family norms was perceived as the most prevalent parent involvement subscale factor during high school for this particular population. The family norms factor subscale’s parent–teenager relationship emerged as the most dominant variable followed by educational expectations. We delineate implications for school counselors and research.

USING A COLLABORATIVE APPROACH FOR EVALUATING PARENT INVOLVEMENT PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT BLACK MALES ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

This collaborative evaluation explored the distribution of perceived parent involvement factors during high school, from the perspective of academically successful Black male college students. One hundred and forty-six(146)Blackmales enrolled in an undergraduate degree seeking-program at a university in the southern region of the United States completed Yan and Lins (2005) parent involvement during high school survey, adapted from NELS: 88 (National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988). A collaborative evaluation approach using the Model for Collaborative Evaluations MCE was used in this formative evaluation. Results revealed that among the distribution of the three factors (Family Obligation, Parent Information Network and Family Norms), Family Norms was perceived as the most prevalent parent involvement subscale factor during high school forthis particular population. Under the Family Norms factor subscale Parent-teenager relationship emerged as the most dominant variable, followed by Educational expectations. Implications for using the MCE in evaluating school parent involvement programs and research are delineated.

Families First? The Mobilization of Family Norms in Refugee Resettlement

European resettlement programs prioritize the admission of refugee families. While this is seen as the “natural” thing to do, we argue that the mobilization of family norms is crucially political: in everyday bordering practices, interpretations of family norms are decisive for who is admitted to Europe. We study the selection of Syrian refugees in Turkey for humanitarian admission to Germany, which involves national governments, UNHCR, and NGOs. Fusing practice-theoretical approaches to humanitarianism and mobility governance on the one hand, with gender and sexuality scholarship on nationalism, empire, and migration on the other, we show how family norms configure discretionary power in transnational migration governance. First, family norms shape how power is exercised over refugees in vulnerability and assimilability assessments. Vulnerability assessments hinge on whether a family counts as protective and supportive, or deficient and threatening. Assimilability assessments scrutinize whether refugees do family “right”: in a way that will not disturb resettlement countries’ national (gender) order. Second, the mobilization of family norms reflects power disparities between actors. International and non-governmental actors strive to recognize plural family forms, but are disciplined into applying resettlement states’ more constraining family norms, thereby participating in the (re)production of the borders and boundaries of Europe.

Family traditionalism and age-specific nuptiality patterns: what does the example of Karachay-Cherkessia point to?

The paper deals with the relation between traditional family norms and women’s age at first marriage. The study is based on data from Karachay-Cherkessia, a republic of the North Caucasus (Russia), and uses results of a survey among women of reproductive ages conducted there in 2018. It has been demonstrated that traditional family norms, including those empowering elder generations and limiting women’s social role to housework and bringing up children, are rather strong in that region. It is currently assumed that these norms generally correlate with women’s younger age at first marriage. However, our analysis of the data from Karachay-Cherkessia, which used proportional hazard models and logistic regressions, does not fit this assumption. Specifically, it turns out that precisely that ethnic group of Karachay-Cherkessia which shows a higher concentration of traditional family norms also demonstrates a statistically significant tendency towards women’s older age at first marriage. Thus the relation between traditional family norms and the timing of marriage appears to vary more across different societies than is supposed. The consequences of this result for the study of demographic transformations taking place in different countries and regions together with the breakdown of traditional family norms are discussed.