Research of safety and toxicity of drug “Biozapin”

Modern animal husbandry and poultry farming is developing very rapidly compared to the possibilities of previous years. Obtaining high economic indicators is possible with balanced feeding and strict observance of veterinary and sanitary measures. Failure to comply with the technology of cultivation leads to the activation of opportunistic pathogens. During the industrial rearing of animals, microflora accumulates both indoors and in the environment. Fattening animals with pelleted feed indoors and the lack of contact with donors of typical microorganisms available in nature (soil, insects, plants) lead to the intestine's colonization by enterobacteria. As a result, probiotics have become very popular in animal husbandry and poultry to normalize the intestinal microflora and disinfect humus, treat animal housing, and eliminate odors: probiotics – microbial drugs which are stabilized cultures of microorganisms that have antagonistic activity against pathogenic microflora. Today, the sources of probiotic strains are nine species of microorganisms. However, probiotics' antimicrobial and stimulating potential based on safe and effective strains of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens bacilli is much higher than probiotics based on Lacto- and bifidobacteria. The study aimed to investigate the safety and cute toxicity of the probiotic drug “Biozapin” based on a mixture of probiotic bacteria Bacillus sybtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and aluminosilicate with a single injection into animals and to establish the maximum therapeutic, toxic and lethal doses. The article presents information on the study results of acute toxicity and safety of the drug “Biozapin”. At intragastric administration of this drug to white mice at a dose of 5000 mg/kg of body weight, it does not cause their death; therefore, it is possible to draw a conclusion that this drug is nontoxic. Dilution of the drug “Biozapin” in various concentrations are harmless to the simplest tetrachimene piriformis. The increase in live weight of one head of mice with forced administration of the drug “Biozapin” intragastrically in different concentrations was: sample № 1 – 11.5 %, sample № 2 – 10.0 %, sample № 3 – 13.5 %, sample № 4 – 11.7 %, sample № 5 – 11.1 %, in the control group – 13.9 %. At pathological autopsy of animals, no visible pathological changes were found. The results of toxicological studies have shown that the drug “Biozapin” is harmless and non-toxic.

On a noteworthy habitat type in the savannahs of Central Cuba and a remarkable new species of Elytraria (Acanthaceae)

A peculiar habitat type found in the savannahs of Central Cuba, Villa Clara Province and characterised by the presence of a surface gravel layer of “perdigones”, an assemblage of small ferralitic concretions, upon the “mocarrero” soil prevailing in the area, is described. On sterile gravel patches, only one species grows: Elytraria serpens, a new species described and named here. It is noteworthy for possessing long and wide creeping, stoloniform subterranean peduncles with apical gemmae developing into rooting leaf rosettes enabling vegetative propagation. The new species is close to E. shaferi and considered to derive from the latter by adaptive evolution, enabling it to survive in its hostile habitat, sheltered from the competition of other plant species. Small soil insects, for example, ants, are believed to act as pollinators.

On a noteworthy habitat type in the savannas of Central Cuba and a remarkable new species of Elytraria (Acanthaceae)

A peculiar habitat type found in the savannas of Central Cuba, Villa Clara province, and characterized by the presence of a surface gravel layer of “perdigones”, an assemblage of small ferralitic concretions, upon the “mocarrero” soil prevailing in the area, is described. On sterile gravel patches only one species grows: Elytraria serpens, a new species decribed and named here. It is noteworthy for possessing long and wide creeping, stoloniform subterranean peduncles with apical gemmae developing into rooting leaf rosettes enabling vegetative propagation. The new species is close to E. shaferi and considered to derive from the latter by adaptive evolution enabling it to survive in its hostile habitat, sheltered from the competition of other plant species. Small soil insects, e.g. ants, are believed to act as pollinators.

Evaluation of purple-fleshed sweetpotato genotypes for root yield, quality and pest resistance

ABSTRACT Production of purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes, source of anthocyanins, pigments with high antioxidant activities, is expected to be extended during the upcoming years, as there is a strong trend to market products promising improved health. This study aimed to evaluate yield, postharvest quality and pest resistance of roots of purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes. Six genotypes (BGBD 0005, BGBD 0080, BGBD 1261, BGBD 1399, BGBD 1402 and BGBD 1405) and the cultivars Beauregard and Brazlândia Roxa as controls were evaluated during two seasons 2018 (Experiment 1) and 2019 (Experiment 2), in Brasília-DF, Brazil. The experiments were conducted in a complete randomized blocks design with four replications, with experimental plots consisting of two rows of six plants. Roots were harvested about 140 days after planting and evaluated for yield, appearance, insect damage and quality characteristics as soluble solids, dry matter and color. All genotypes showed roots with good resistance to soil insects. The highest commercial production of genotypes BGBD 1261, BGBD 0005, and BGBD 1405 associated to quality traits (dry matter content and soluble solids) and pest resistance, showed their potential for being released as cultivars or to be used in breeding programs.

INVENTARISASI SERANGGA TANAH DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM GUNUNG TUNAK KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH

Gunung Tunak Nature Tourism Park is a nature conservation area which is mainly used for tourism and nature recreation. Gunung Tunak Nature Tourism Park is one of 17 conservation areas managed by the Natural Resources Conservation Center (BKSDA), located in Mertak Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency. Geographically located between 08º53'30.08º57'30 South Latitude, and 116º24'00” East Longitude. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of soil insects found in the Gunung Tunak Nature Park. This type of research is exploratory descriptive. The sampling method uses pitfall traps. Sampling locations include the park area in front of the butterfly breeding, and in front of the camping ground as posts 1 and 2. Sampling was carried out in the morning (07.00-09.30 WITA), and in the afternoon (16.00-17.30 WITA) with 3 repetitions. Soil insect samples obtained were identified at the level of the order and family at the Biology Laboratory, Mandalika University of Education. The results showed that 6 soil orders were found, namely: Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Scorviones. The highest group of individuals found was the Hymenoptera Order with 93 individuals.

Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Species Composition and Management in Sweet Potato Grown in North Florida Using Chemical Insecticides and Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Wireworms are immature stages of click beetles (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and are considered a serious threat to sweet potato production in the southern United States. The major wireworm species collected in North Florida sweet potato fields in 2017 and 2018 were Conoderus scissus, C. rudis, C. amplicollis, and C. falli. These species vary in their behavior and biology. During a 2-yr study period, we conducted two insecticide field trials using eleven insecticides belonging to organophosphates, neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and botanical classes, and three field trials using entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species to control wireworms. In 2017, all insecticide treatments significantly reduced new feeding holes and total holes (old + new + other) as compared to the untreated control. In 2018, the result was similar with a few variations. In both years, all insecticides showed a percentage reduction in wireworm damage holes (2017: 34.88–96.19%; 2018: 12.38–97.02%) with the highest by Regent. In the EPN field study, one application of EPN near planting significantly reduced soil insects. In a laboratory study conducted at the Tropical Research and Education Center, UF-IFAS, chlorpyrifos caused higher percentage mortality of C. rudis (55.5%) than C. scissus (22.2%). At the present experiment rates, none of the insecticides caused the mortality of C. amplicollis. Heterorhabditids strain ‘FL-2122’ was more susceptible to chlorpyrifos than other strains of EPN.

The Potency of Soil Insect As Soil Quality Bioindicators in Citrus Plantations Poncokusumo District, Malang Regency

Insects have great potential to be used as soil bioindicators. The research aims to analyze abundance and diversity of soil insects genus and determine the soil insects genus that have potential as soil quality bioindicators in citrus plantations. The study was conducted in conventional and semiorganic citrus plantations in Poncokusumo District, Malang Regency. The research used pitfall trap and hand sorted methods. Data were analyzed to find out diversity index, Canonical Correspondence Analysis and Indicator Value Index. The data analysis used PAST program version 3.15 and software R. The research results were obtained 20 genus of soil insects. The highest abundance of soil insects is occupied by the genus Aphaenogaster. The diversity of soil insects in semiorganic citrus plantations is higher than conventional citrus plantations. The soils insects that have potential as bioindicators of soil quality in conventional citrus plantations is the genus Formica, while in the semiorganic citrus plantations are the genus Cyrtepistomus, Pangeus, Tenebrio, Euborellia, Allonemobius, Stelidota, Gryllus and Chlaenius.

Community structure analysis of soil insects and their potential role as bioindicators in various ecosystem types in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Rohyani IS. 2020. Community structure analysis of soil insects and their potential role as bioindicators in various ecosystem types in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4221-4227. Various types of ecosystems can be found in Lombok, with the dominant ecosystems are natural forest, mangrove, mixed garden, rice field, and mining. These ecosystems have a high level of biodiversity and unique flora and fauna communities, including soil insects that partake in the process of ecosystem energy flow. This study aimed to analyze the community structure of soil insects and their potential role as bioindicators in five types of dominant and unique ecosystems in Lombok island. The data collection was done using pitfall traps, yellow pan traps, baited pitfall traps, soil sampling, and litter collection. The findings revealed that there are 60,439 individuals, 79 families, and 16 orders of insects in various types of ecosystems. Diversity ​​(H') and evenness (E) index values ​​for family level in all ecosystem types are low on average (H'=0.76 and E=0.10). Cerambycidae (Coleoptera), Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera), and Cicindelidae (Coleoptera) are a potential bioindicator in the forest, in the mangrove, and in the rice field ecosystems, respectively. However, the potential bioindicator could not be found since the distribution of the family is almost even in the garden ecosystem. The Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) and the Acroceridae (Diptera) are soil insects with relatively high abundance and are found only in the mining ecosystems.