EFFECT OF AMMONIUM PYRROLIDINE DITHIOCARBAMBATE ON THE FORMATION OF RACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES IN LIVER OF RATS KEPT ON CARBOHYDRATE-LIPID DIET AND EXPOSED TO ROUND-THE-CLOCK LIGHTING

This aim of the experiment performed on 21 white rats is to clear up the effect of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) inhibitor on the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the liver of animals kept on carbohydrate-lipid diet and exposed to round-the-clock lighting. The study has demonstrated the administration of ammonium pyrrolidine diothiocarbamate (76 mg/kg three times a week, starting on the 30th day of the experiment) under the conditions of high-calorie carbohydrate-lipid diet (60 days) and exposure of the test animals to round-the-clock light (1500 lux for the last 30 days of the experiment) reduces the production of superoxide anion radical in the liver tissues by NADPH- and NADH-dependent electron transport chains by 45.2% and 43.5%. The production of this radical by leukocytes by NADPH oxidase was 41.6% lower than in the comparison group. The activity of NO-synthase (total and its inducible isoenzyme) decreased by 34.4 and 29.8%, the activity of the constitutive isoform increased threefold. The coupling index of the latter elevated by 5.16 times that indicates the restoration of the coupling state of this isoenzyme. The decrease in the generation of superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide was accompanied by lowering in the peroxynitrites concentration by 36.4%. We can conclude that the administration of ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an NF-kappa B inhibitor, during the metabolic syndrome simulated in rats by round-the-clock lightening exposure and diet rich in carbohydrates and fats is an effective means to restrict the production of reactive oxygen species.

Content of sialic acids, ATP and superoxide anion-radical in loach embryos under the influence of flurenizyd

It is known that flurenizide is a newly synthesized drug with pronounced antimicrobial, immunomodulatory functions. However, its effect on the functional properties of cells, in particular germ cells, is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of sialic acids as the final components of glycoconjugates, the main macroergic compound - ATP, to evaluate the generation of O2¯ in embryos of lobster (Misgurnus fossilis L.) under the influence of the antibiotic flurenizide. Studies have been performed on embryos of Misgurnus fossilis L. After fertilization, the zygotes were placed in Petri dishes with solutions of flurenizide in concentrations of 0.01; 0.05; 0.15; 1.0; 5.0; 15.0 mM, where allowed to develop. At the development stages, 2 blastomeres, 16 blastomeres, 64 blastomeres, VIII (256 blastomeres) and X divisions (1024 blastomeres) were sampled. In parallel, control studies were performed, where flureniside was not added to the samples. The content of sialic acids, ATP, superoxide anion radical was determined in the selected samples. We found that flureniside at the lowest concentration of 0.01 mM does not cause changes in the content of superoxide anion radical during early embryogenesis. The antibiotic in the maximum concentration causes changes in the content of free radical from the stage of development of 16 blastomeres to 1024 blastomeres, and from the stage of 64 blastomeres there is an increase in its number. Probably flurenizide at a concentration of 15.0 mM is the most reactive. It is known that flurenizide has antioxidant properties, but in its structure there are groups that have a toxic effect, which is most pronounced when exposed to high concentrations. In general, at the stage of development of 16 blastomeres there is a decrease in the amount of О2¯ under the influence of the studied antibiotic. At this time, the content of this free radical in the control increases, compared with other stages of development. Flureniside leads to an increase in the content of superoxide anion radical at development stage 2, 64 blastomeres and is particularly pronounced at concentrations from 0.05 to 15.0 mM at development stages 256 and 1024 blastomeres. 1024 blastomeres are the 10th stage of separation, where desynchronization occurs and the mitotic index decreases. Probably, the changes that take place at this stage of development are related to this. The antibiotic causes an increase in the content of sialic acids in the first stage of crushing (2 blastomeres). In step 16 of the blastomere, flureniside in low concentrations leads to a decrease in the content of sialic acids. However, already at the stage of separation of 64 and 256 blastomeres, the test substance in all concentrations causes a predominant decrease in the amount of sialic acids. At the last stage of synchronous crushing (1024 blastomeres) flurenizide in the maximum investigated concentration (15.0 mM) causes a significant accumulation of sialic acid content. Flureniside at concentrations of 0.15, 5.0 and 15.0 mМ causes a decrease in ATP content in loach embryos at the stage of development of 256 blastomeres by 28, 67 and 38 %, respectively. An increase in ATP content by 33 % occurs under the influence of flurenizide at a concentration of 1.0 mM. The ATP content also increases at the stage of development of embryos of 1024 blastomeres under the influence of flurenizide of all studied concentrations. Analysis of variance has shown that a significant contribution to the growth of ATP, sialic acid and superoxide anion radical, during the early embryogenesis of lobster embryos, is made by the factor of embryo development, while the factor of flureniside has a smaller contribution. Therefore, studies have shown that flurenizide causes increased generation of superoxide anion radical, decreased sialic acid content, as well as changes in ATP content in embryonic cells during early embryogenesis.

Antioxidant and ROS inhibitory activities of heterocyclic 2-Aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives

Background: Antioxidants are small molecules that prevent or delay the process of oxidations caused by highly reactive free radicals. These molecules are known for their ability to protect various cellular architecture and other biomolecules from oxidative stress and free radicals. Thus, antioxidants play a key role in the prevention of oxidative damages caused by highly reactive free radicals. Method: In the present study, a series of previously synthesized heterocyclic 2-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives 1-25 was screened for antioxidant activity by employing in vitro DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities. ROS inhibitory activities were also evaluated by serum-opsonized zymosan activated whole blood phagocytes and isolated neutrophils. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out by employing an MTT assay against the 3T3 cell line. Results: Most of the 2-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives showed potent antioxidant activities in superoxide anion radical scavenging assay with IC50 value ranging between 0.57 µM – 48.93 µM, as compared to positive control quercetin dihydrate (IC50 = 94.1± 1.1 µM ). Compounds 5, 6, and 14 showed excellent activity in DPPH assay. Compounds 5-8, 12-15, 17, and 20 showed promising activities in the ROS inhibition assay. All compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic against the 3T3 cell line. Structure antioxidant activity has been established. Conclusion: It can be concluded that most of the heterocyclic 2-aryl-4(3H)-quinazolinone derivatives 1-25 are identified as promising antioxidant agents that are capable of fighting against free radicals and oxidative stress. Thus, they can serve as a lead towards treating oxidative stress and related pathologies.

PEAT HUMIC ACIDS – PROSPECTIVE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES WITH ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROTECTIVE AGENTS

A present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activity (AOA) of humic acids (HA) isolated by sodium hydroxide and sodium pyrophosphate from nine peat species of the Tomsk region different by botanical composition, degree of decomposition and ash content. All HA samples had shown the AOA in the study. As the results of four research methods, it was found that HAs are highly effective in inhibiting the free ABTS•+ radical cation, superoxide anion radical O2-•, hydroxyl radical HO•, and are able to bind Fe2+ in a wide range of concentrations. The activity of HAs in different tests was not equal between samples; HAs isolated by sodium hydroxide have had a higher AOA in inhibition of the superoxide anion–radical O2-• in the model reaction compared to HAs isolated by sodium pyrophosphate within the same peat species. In the study of iron binding activity, an inverse relationship was observed. In the model reactions of the free ABTS•+ radical cation and the hydroxyl radical HO• inhibition, a comparable level of activity was registered between the HA samples isolated by different solutions. Such an uneven distribution of the activity between various HA samples can be explained by the unequal chemical parameters of their structure, which depend on their origin and method of isolation. Using of such classical antioxidants with an established mechanism of action as comparison drugs, as a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol - "Trolox", a water-soluble antioxidant – ascorbic acid, a classic chelator – ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a classic trap of a hydroxyl radical – mannitol, it is possible to conclude that the investigated HAs are effective antioxidants belonging to the groups of proton donors and complexing agents.

Open-Circuit Photovoltage Measurements Towards Determination of the Quintessential Features of Metal Titanates in Photo(Electro)catalytic Applications

Conduction band potential is one of the most crucial physicochemical properties of semiconductor towards photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical aplications. Inexpensive home-made Arduino devices is proposed for determination of flat band potential, based on the well-established method: open-circuit photovoltage measurements. To verify proposed measurement procedure, series of titanates has been prepared by a straightforward hydrothermal procedure and characterized – band structure of materials has been determined, in terms of band gap energy and conduction band edge potential. Finally we demonstrated the photocatalytic formation of superoxide anion radical. Interestingly, the efficiency of O2-• can be correlated, in part, with the potential of conduction band edge. Photocatalyst characterized by particularly low potential of conduction band edge can generate the superoxide anion radical with highest efficiency.