Anomalous structure transition in undercooled melt regulates polymorphic selection in barium titanate crystallization

The crystallization processes of titanates are central to the fabrication of optical and electrical crystals and glasses, but their rich polymorphism is not fully understood. Here, we show when and how polymorphic selection occurs during the crystallization of barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) using in situ high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction and ab initio molecular dynamic simulation. An anomalous structure transition is found in molten BT during cooling across the cubic-hexagonal transition temperature, which enables nucleation selection of BT by manipulating the undercooling: a cubic phase is preferred if nucleation is triggered at large undercooling, whereas a hexagonal phase is promoted at small undercooling. We further reveal that the nucleation selection between the cubic and the hexagonal phase is regulated by the intrinsic structure property of the melt, in particular, the degree of polymerization between Ti-O polyhedra. These findings provide an innovative perspective to link the polymorphic crystallization to the non-isomorphic structure transition of the melt beyond the conventional cognition of structural heredity.

Matrix-Based Operation Method for Detecting Structural Isomorphism of Planetary Gear Train Structures

Planetary gear sets (PGSs) have been widely used in automatic transmissions (AT) and dedicated hybrid transmissions (DHTs). In this paper, a novel isomorphic detection method for planetary gear transmission structure is proposed based on matrix operation. The isomorphic detection process includes two main parts. In the first part, various components of the transmission structure are classified. In the second part, isomorphic structures of the numerous structures are detected. Through the application of the proposed detection approach, the structures obtained by different synthesis algorithms can be greatly reduced. Furthermore, by the analysis and transformation of the hybrid configuration to conventional transmission configuration, the scope of use of the algorithm can be expanded through the method. The proposed detection approach is capable of automatically detecting the isomorphic structure of the potential structures obtained by synthesis algorithm.

Isomorphic Structure of Cesàro and Tandori Spaces

We investigate the isomorphic structure of the Cesàro spaces and their duals, the Tandori spaces. The main result states that the Cesàro function space $\text{Ces}_{\infty }$ and its sequence counterpart $\text{ces}_{\infty }$ are isomorphic. This is rather surprising since $\text{Ces}_{\infty }$ (like Talagrand’s example) has no natural lattice predual. We prove that $\text{ces}_{\infty }$ is not isomorphic to $\ell _{\infty }$ nor is $\text{Ces}_{\infty }$ isomorphic to the Tandori space $\widetilde{L_{1}}$ with the norm $\Vert f\Vert _{\widetilde{L_{1}}}=\Vert \widetilde{f}\Vert _{L_{1}}$ , where $\widetilde{f}(t):=\text{ess}\,\sup _{s\geqslant t}|f(s)|$ . Our investigation also involves an examination of the Schur and Dunford–Pettis properties of Cesàro and Tandori spaces. In particular, using results of Bourgain we show that a wide class of Cesàro–Marcinkiewicz and Cesàro–Lorentz spaces have the latter property.

Point Set Registration for Unsupervised Bilingual Lexicon Induction

Inspired by the observation that word embeddings exhibit isomorphic structure across languages, we propose a novel method to induce a bilingual lexicon from only two sets of word embeddings, which are trained on monolingual source and target data respectively. This is achieved by formulating the task as point set registration which is a more general problem. We show that a transformation from the source to the target embedding space can be learned automatically without any form of cross-lingual supervision. By properly adapting a traditional point set registration model to make it be suitable for processing word embeddings, we achieved state-of-the-art performance on the unsupervised bilingual lexicon induction task. The point set registration problem has been well-studied and can be solved by many elegant models, we thus opened up a new opportunity to capture the universal lexical semantic structure across languages.

Body, Language and Mediality

Husserl attempted to found logics and language on intuition, and particularly perception. The relationship between logical language and intuition is therefore one of the fundamental themes of his phenomenology. Husserl regarded the two as sharing an isomorphic structure, and this article shows that this structure can be characterized as “mediality.” That is, the “meaning” of language appears by mediation of sound or script, while the “I” as person appears by mediation of the body. I will show furthermore that intuitions themselves appear through the mediation of language, and interpret this idea of mediality in terms of the Japanese language. Guided by Husserl’s notion of Sprachleib (linguistic living body), I will also attempt an analysis of the “bodily” function of Chinese script and onomatopeia as aspects of Sprachleib and show how the Sprachleib functions as a “cultural living body” that makes community possible.

Phrase Dependency Machine Translation with Quasi-Synchronous Tree-to-Tree Features

Recent research has shown clear improvement in translation quality by exploiting linguistic syntax for either the source or target language. However, when using syntax for both languages (“tree-to-tree” translation), there is evidence that syntactic divergence can hamper the extraction of useful rules (Ding and Palmer 2005 ). Smith and Eisner ( 2006 ) introduced quasi-synchronous grammar, a formalism that treats non-isomorphic structure softly using features rather than hard constraints. Although a natural fit for translation modeling, its flexibility has proved challenging for building real-world systems. In this article, we present a tree-to-tree machine translation system inspired by quasi-synchronous grammar. The core of our approach is a new model that combines phrases and dependency syntax, integrating the advantages of phrase-based and syntax-based translation. We report statistically significant improvements over a phrase-based baseline on five of seven test sets across four language pairs. We also present encouraging preliminary results on the use of unsupervised dependency parsing for syntax-based machine translation.

Isomorphic Indicators in Theological and Psychological Science

The culture split between science and theology by which theology tends to abandon the concrete observable world to science, while science tends to dismiss questions of ontology (God), is presented as a framework within which to examine the preceding articles in this issue. The inadequacy of attempting to bridge this dichotomy by constructing a synthesis between psychology and theology on the common ground of religious experience is shown. An alternative approach to theology as having its focus on the interaction between the human self, others and God is presented, suggesting that a convergence between theology and psychology can be found in their common interest in the nature of the human self as being-in-becoming. This convergence is examined as an isomorphic structure where, despite different “ancestry,” theology and psychology attempt to explain and give meaning to human experience as grounded in being (ontology), experienced in a knowing way (epistemology), and open to change by the reality of transcendent being which moves the self toward goals which offer healing and hope (teleology).

Epitopes associated with MHC restriction site of T cells. III. I-J epitope on MHC-restricted T helper cells.

I-J epitopes were found to be associated with the functional site of the class II MHC-restricted helper T (Th) cells: Virtually all of the H-2k-restricted Th cell function of H-2kxbF1 T cells was inhibited by the anti-I-Jk mAb, leaving the H-2b-restricted function unaffected. The I-Jk epitope was inducible in Th cells of different genotype origin according to the environmental class II antigens present in the early ontogeny of T cells. Although above results suggested that I-J is the structure reflecting the inducible MHC restriction specificity, further studies revealed some interesting controversies: First, the I-J phenotype did not always correlate with the class II restriction specificity, e.g., I-Ab-restricted Th from 5R was I-Jk-positive, whereas I-Ak-restricted Th of 4R was not. Second, there was no trans expression of parental I-J phenotypes and restriction specificities in F1 Th, e.g., the I-J phenotype was detected only on I-Ab-restricted Th of (4R X 5R)F1, whereas it was absent on I-Ak-restricted Th. This strict linkage between the restriction specificity and I-J phenotype was also found on Th cells developed in bone marrow chimera constructed with intra-H-2-recombinant mice. The expression of I-Jk was always associated with the restriction specificity of the relevant host. Thus, the restriction specificity of Th cells followed the host type, and the I-J expression on Th was exactly the same as that expressed by the host haplotype. These results indicate that I-J is an isomorphic structure adaptively expressed on Th cells that is involved in the unidirectional regulatory cell interactions, and that the polymorphism cannot be explained merely by the restriction specificity of the conventional T cell receptor heterodimer.