Timing of Breeding Site Availability Across the North-American Arctic Partly Determines Spring Migration Schedule in a Long-Distance Neotropical Migrant

Long-distance migrants are under strong selection to arrive on their breeding grounds at a time that maximizes fitness. Many arctic birds start nesting shortly after snow recedes from their breeding sites and timing of snowmelt can vary substantially over the breeding range of widespread species. We tested the hypothesis that migration schedules of individuals co-occurring at the same non-breeding areas are adapted to average local environmental conditions encountered at their specific and distant Arctic breeding locations. We predicted that timing of breeding site availability (measured here as the average snow-free date) should explain individual variation in departure time from shared non-breeding areas. We tested our prediction by tracking American Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis dominica) nesting across the North-American Arctic. These plovers use a non-breeding (wintering) area in South America and share a spring stopover area in the nearctic temperate grasslands, located >1,800 km away from their nesting locations. As plovers co-occur at the same non-breeding areas but use breeding sites segregated by latitude and longitude, we could disentangle the potential confounding effects of migration distance and timing of breeding site availability on individual migration schedule. As predicted, departure date of individuals stopping-over in sympatry was positively related to the average snow-free date at their respective breeding location, which was also related to individual onset of incubation. Departure date from the shared stopover area was not explained by the distance between the stopover and the breeding location, nor by the stopover duration of individuals. This strongly suggests that plover migration schedule is adapted to and driven by the timing of breeding site availability per se. The proximate mechanism underlying the variable migration schedule of individuals is unknown and may result from genetic differences or individual learning. Temperatures are currently changing at different speeds across the Arctic and this likely generates substantial heterogeneity in the strength of selection pressure on migratory schedule of arctic birds migrating sympatrically.

Migrating curlews on schedule: departure and arrival patterns of a long-distance migrant depend on time and breeding location rather than on wind conditions

Background Departure decisions in long-distance migratory bird species may depend on favourable weather conditions and beneficial resources at the destination location, overarched by genetic triggers. However, few studies have tried to validate the significance of these three concepts simultaneously, and long-term, high-resolution tagging datasets recording individual movements across consecutive years are scarce. We used such a dataset to explore intraspecific and intra-individual variabilities in departure and arrival decisions from/to wintering grounds in relation to these three different concepts in bird migration. Methods We equipped 23 curlews (Numenius arquata) wintering in the Wadden Sea with Global Positioning System data loggers to record their spatio-temporal patterns of departure from and arrival at their wintering site, and the first part of their spring migration. We obtained data for 42 migrations over 6 years, with 12 individuals performing repeat migrations in consecutive years. Day of year of departure and arrival was related to 38 meteorological and bird-related predictors using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) to identify drivers of departure and arrival decisions. Results Curlews migrated almost exclusively to Arctic and sub-Arctic Russia for breeding. They left their wintering site mainly during the evening from mid- to late April and returned between the end of June and mid-July. There was no difference in departure times between the sexes. Weather parameters did not impact departure decisions; if departure days coincided with headwind conditions, the birds accounted for this by flying at higher altitudes of up to several kilometres. Curlews breeding further away in areas with late snowmelt departed later. Departures dates varied by only < 4 days in individual curlews tagged over consecutive years. Conclusions These results suggest that the trigger for migration in this long-distance migrant is largely independent of weather conditions but is subject to resource availability in breeding areas. The high intra-individual repeatability of departure days among subsequent years and the lack of relationship to weather parameters suggest the importance of genetic triggers in prompting the start of migration. Further insights into the timing of migration in immatures and closely related birds might help to further unravel the genetic mechanisms triggering migration patterns.

Keanekaragaman dan Kemelimpahan Burung Pemangsa (Raptor) Migran di Kawasan Bukit 76 Kaliurang, Yogyakarta

Migratory birds are birds that fly or move from their breeding place to their non-breeding location. Migratory birds usually migrate to the southern part of the earth or tropical regions to avoid limited resources during winter in their breeding areas (Bildstein, 2006). Bird of Prey or Raptors are a group of birds that frequently migrate. Raptors carry out-migration in several areas which are commonly referred to as flyways. Indonesia is also part of the flight path for migratory birds (Sukmantoro et al., 2007). At this time there were approximately 17 types of migrant raptors in Indonesia. Research on raptor migration has been carried out for a long time in various regions. In the Yogyakarta area, there have been observations of a migrant raptor, but there are no official publications and research on migrant raptor in the Bukit 76 Kaliurang area, Yogyakarta. Therefore this research was conducted to know about migratory raptor in Yogyakarta. This research was conducted at Bukit 76 Kaliurang, Hargobinangun, Pakem, Yogyakarta. The research was conducted in December 2019-March 2020, July-August 2020, and October-November 2020. This research was conductes through observations in the morning at 07.00-11.00 WIB using birdwatching techniques and purposive methods. The results of this study recorded 1 species of migrant raptor, namely the Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus) and 2 species of resident raptors, namely the Crested Serpent Eagle (Spilornis cheela) and the Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus).

Migrating Curlews on Schedule: Departure and Arrival Patterns of a Long-distance Migrant Depend on time and Breeding Location Rather than on Wind Conditions

Background: Departure decisions in long-distance migratory bird species may depend on favourable weather conditions and beneficial resources at the destination location, overarched by genetic triggers. However, few studies have tried to validate the significance of these three concepts simultaneously, and long-term, high-resolution tagging datasets recording individual movements across consecutive years are scarce. We used such a dataset to explore intraspecific and intra-individual variabilities in departure and arrival decisions from/to wintering grounds in relation to these three different concepts in bird migration.Methods: We equipped 23 curlews (Numenius arquata) wintering in the Wadden Sea with Global Positioning System data loggers to record their spatio-temporal patterns of departure from and arrival at their wintering site, and the first part of their migration. We obtained data for 42 migrations over 6 years, with 12 individuals performing repeat migrations in consecutive years. Departure and arrival dates were related to 73 meteorological and bird-related predictors using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) to identify drivers of departure and arrival decisions.Results: Curlews migrated almost exclusively to Arctic and sub-Arctic Russia for breeding. They left their wintering site mainly during the evening from mid- to late April and returned between the end of June and mid-July. There was no difference in departure times between the sexes. Weather parameters did not impact departure decisions; if departure days coincided with headwind conditions, the birds accounted for this by flying at higher altitudes of up to several kilometres. Curlews breeding further away in areas with late snowmelt departed later. Departures dates varied by only <4 days in individual curlews tagged over consecutive years.Conclusions: These results suggest that the trigger for migration in a long-distance migrant is largely independent of weather conditions but is subject to resource availability in breeding areas. The high intra-individual repeatability of departure days among subsequent years and the lack of relationship to weather parameters suggest the importance of genetic triggers in prompting the start of migration. Further insights into the timing of migration in immatures and closely related birds might help to further unravel the genetic mechanisms triggering migration patterns.

Rain Gutter Detection in Aerial Images for Aedes aegypti Mosquito Prevention

The detection of Aedes aegypti mosquito is essential in the prevention process of serious diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus. Common approaches consist of surveillance agents who need to enter residences to find and eliminate these outbreaks, but often they are unable to do this work due to the absence or resistance of the resident. This paper proposes an automatic system that uses aerial images obtained through a camera coupled from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) to identify rain gutters from a shed that may be mosquitoes’ foci. We use Digital Image Processing (DIP) techniques to differentiate the objects that may or may not be those foci of the mosquito-breeding. The experimental results show that the system is capable of automatically detecting the appropriately mosquito-breeding location.

Dunlin subspecies exhibit regional segregation and high site fidelity along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway

The degree to which individuals migrate among particular breeding, migration, and wintering sites can have important implications for prioritizing conservation efforts. Four subspecies of Dunlin (Calidris alpina) migrate along the East Asian−Australasian Flyway. Each subspecies has a distinct and well-defined breeding range, but their migration and winter ranges are poorly defined or unknown. We assessed the migratory connectivity of 3 of these subspecies by evaluating a dataset that encompasses 57 yr (1960–2017), and comprises more than 28,000 Dunlin banding records and 818 observations (71 recaptures and 747 band resightings). We present some of the first evidence that subspecific segregation likely occurs, with arcticola Dunlin wintering in areas of Japan, and other arcticola, actites, and sakhalina Dunlin wintering in areas of the Yellow and China seas. Observations indicate that whether an arcticola Dunlin winters in Japan or the Yellow and China seas is independent of their breeding location, sex, or age. Furthermore, observations indicate that ≥83% of arcticola Dunlin exhibit interannual site fidelity to specific wintering sites. This suggests that the degradation of specific wetland areas may negatively affect particular individuals of a particular subspecies (or combination of subspecies), and, if widespread, could result in population declines. Given the possible biases inherent in analyzing band recovery data, we recommend additional flyway-wide collaboration and the use of lightweight tracking devices and morphological and genetic assignment techniques to better quantify subspecies’ migratory movements and nonbreeding distributions. This information, when combined, will enable effective conservation efforts for this species across the East Asian−Australasian Flyway.

SOSIALISASI TEKNIK PENANGKARAN PENYU BERBASIS EKOWISATA DI PANTAI GUGOP KECAMATAN PULO ACEH KABUPATEN ACEH BESAR PROVINSI ACEH

Turtles are marine reptiles that inhabit seagrass ecosystems and are able to migrate deeply along the Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean to Southeast Asia. Turtles are scattered in tropical and subtropical waters mostly found in Indonesian waters, especially in Aceh waters. The west coast of Aceh Besar, especially Pulo Aceh currently has potential as a residence for several turtle populations. Some of the turtle species that often lay their eggs on this beach are turtles, leatherback turtles and green turtles. The purpose of this dedication is to provide understanding to the Pulo Aceh Ecotourism Institute (LEPA) and communities around Pulo Aceh to understand the importance of turtle conservation, and to implement turtle breeding techniques for ecotourism development in good Pulo Aceh and sustainability. This devotional activity is carried out for two days, ie from Saturday to 10 March to Sunday 11 March 2018 held at Gugop Beach, Pulo Aceh, Aceh Besar District, Aceh Province. The approach taken in this activity is the persuasive socialization and the direct practice of turtle conservation techniques and the release of sea turtles attended by tourists from various regions, government agencies, non-governmental organizations and academics in Aceh. Turtle turtles are released as much as 270 head of 480 total tail, which consists of 2 types; namely Turtle Lekang as many as 353 heads, which released 170 tails. While the green turtle of 127 tails, which is released only 100 tails. The abandoned hatchlings are in a breeding location aimed at ecotourism and research for academics to conduct research on these endangered and endangered animals.

Individual variation in migratory behavior in a subarctic partial migrant shorebird

Migratory behavior can differ markedly amongst individuals within populations or species. Understanding the factors influencing this variation is key to understanding how current environmental changes might influence migratory propensity and the distribution and abundance of migratory species across their range. Here, we investigate variation in migratory behavior of the partially migratory Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) population breeding in Iceland. We use the resightings of color-ringed adults and stable isotopes to determine whether individuals migrate or remain in Iceland during winter and test whether individual migratory strategies vary in relation to sex, body size, and breeding location. We also explore individual consistency in migratory strategy and test whether assortative mating with respect to strategy occurs in this population. The proportion of migrants and residents varied greatly across breeding locations but not with respect to sex or body size. Individuals were consistent in migratory strategy between years and there was no evidence of assortative mating by migratory strategy. We use these findings to explore factors underlying the evolution and maintenance of partial migration at high latitudes.

The Red-headed Falcon Falco chicquera Daudin, 1800 (Aves: Falconiformes: Falconidae) breeding on Palmyra Palm at Bahour Lake, Puducherry (Pondicherry), India

Breeding of the Red-headed Falcon Falco chicquera is being reported from Bahour Lake in Union Territory of Puducherry along with the breeding period observations. The falcon nesting on the Palmyra palm Borassus flabellifer is reported for the first time from the country. The courtship was observed in mid-January and chicks fledged in mid-April. Incubation lasted 37 days, chicks fledged in 34–37 days, become nest independent in 40–43 days and become independent from parental care in 69–72 days. Feeding frequency for 27–30 days old chicks were five prey deliveries during a two hours’ observation in the morning. Fledglings were adult size, but with brownish crown and moustachial stripe, pale collar, maroon shoulders, darker wings and buff tinge on the underside; and were observed to retain the foraging territory in nesting area even after one month of removal from parental care. Availability of quality crow nest in areas of good prey density could be a decisive factor in selecting breeding location; many crow nests on Palmyra palms were noticed in Puducherry region. The palm nesting falcon could face additional threats from toddy and fruit extractors since the breeding season coincides with the flowering and fruiting season of Palmyra.