Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory

Background In recent years, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has become an essential field of medical education. Bedside ultrasound has become a necessary skill for clinical physicians. Previous studies have already discussed the importance of advancements in ultrasound education. However, learning motivations for ultrasound education have seldom been analyzed in the literature. For medical students, learning ultrasound could have a relevance for their future career. The Existence, Relatedness and Growth (ERG) theory extended Maslow’s hierarchy of needs through these three concepts. This theory has been widely used in the workplace to analyze employee job performance but has not yet been applied in medical education. In this study ERG theory was applied to analyze pre-clinical medical students’ learning motivation toward ultrasound education. Method This mixed method study used online questionnaires consisting of open-ended questions as a data collection tool, and based on these results, both qualitative and quantitative analysis were conducted. Participants answered a series of neutral and open-ended questions regarding their motivations to learn ultrasonography. After data collection, a three-step analysis was conducted based on the grounded theory approach. Finally, the results of the thematic coding were used to complete additional quantitative analysis. Results The study involved 140 pre-clinical medical students, and their responses fell into 13 specific categories. The analysis demonstrated that students’ motivations toward ultrasound education were unbalanced across the three ERG domains (F = 41.257, p < .001). Pairwise comparisons showed that students mentioned existence motivation (MD = 39.3%; p < .001) and growth motivation (MD = 40.7%; p < .001) more frequently than relatedness motivation. However, there was no significant difference between existence motivation and growth motivation (MD = − 1.4%; p = .830). Conclusion The results revealed that students placed a high value on existence and growth needs rather than relatedness based on the survey. In addition, the findings suggest that ERG theory can be a useful tool to conduct medical education motivation analysis.

Transformative Traits, Motives, and Experiences

This chapter focuses on the largely non-narrative personality characteristics and life conditions of the person who has a transformative self. The broad personality traits that relate to various kinds of growth stories include open-mindedness almost always, extraversion often, consciousness and agreeableness sometimes, calmness less frequently, and honesty/humility probably. As for non-narrative motives, growth motivation is quintessential for the person who has a transformative self. Like growth themes, growth motivation comes in reflective and experiential forms, and their functioning varies by culture. The chapter then explores growth-oriented values and motives in relation to moral reasoning and political orientation. Next, transformative emotions and experiences, such as compassion, gratitude, flow, savoring, and mindfulness, are discussed. Importantly, narrative themes of growth predict separate measures of well-being and wisdom, even when controlling for non-narrative traits and growth motivation.

Understanding Motivations and Segmentation in Ecotourism Destinations. Application to Natural Parks in Spanish Mediterranean Area

Ecotourism is one of the tourism variants with more annual growth. Motivation has become a fundamental criterion for travel behavior. Segmentation is used to identify the market niches of different tourism products and services. This study collects these three elements and is designed to examine demand segmentation and motivations in ecotourism. The analysis was carried out in the Albufera and Serranía de Cuenca Natural Parks, both located in the Mediterranean area in Spain. The analysis sample consists in 349 surveys obtained in situ. For the data analysis, a factor analysis and nonhierarchical K-media segmentation were performed. The results show eight motivational dimensions: “Interpersonal relationships”, “Self-development”, “Escape”, “Building personal relationships”, “Nature”, “Ego-defensive function”, “Rewards”, and “Fun”. According to tourists’ motivations, three ecotourist segments are obtained: “Nature”, “Multiple motives”, and “Reward and Escape”. This research can assist companies and institutions to improve tourism service offers and perform efficient marketing planning.

The role of perceived value of entrepreneurial identity in growth motivation

PurposeThree studies aimed to investigate the role of perceived value of entrepreneurial identity (i.e. one's evaluation of the worthiness of one's entrepreneurial role) in the relationship between motives for entrepreneurship and business growth motivation among small-business owners.Design/methodology/approachTwo studies were conducted online (Studies 1 and 2) and one study in the field in Indonesia (Study 3); both employed a cross-sectional design with a mixed correlational and experimental approach.FindingsOpportunity-based entrepreneurship, but not necessity-based entrepreneurship, was positively associated with perceived value of entrepreneurial identity. Perceived value of entrepreneurial identity was a positive predictor of future time perspective and growth-pursuit intentions. Study 2 further showed the potential of increasing the salience of both personal and others' positive views of one's business for increasing one's perceived value of their entrepreneurial identity.Research limitations/implicationsThe investigation of perceived value of entrepreneurial identity in this paper extends current knowledge regarding the mechanism through which motives for entrepreneurship predict business growth motivation.Practical implicationsThe paper provides practitioners and policy-makers with useful insights into the importance of small-business owners' perceived value of entrepreneurial identity for business growth motivation, and offers suggestions on how to increase it.Originality/valueThe paper sheds light on the important role of perceived value of entrepreneurial identity in explaining the association between motives for entrepreneurship and business growth motivation.

Why do pre-clinical medical students learn ultrasound? Exploring learning motivation through ERG theory

Background Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has become a hot issue and trend in medical education in recent years. Ultrasound is an indispensable skill for clinical physicians. Previous studies have already discussed the importance of and advancements in ultrasound education. However, learning motivations with regard to ultrasound education have seldom been discussed in the literature. For medical students, learning ultrasound could have a strong connection with their future career. ERG theory extended Maslow's hierarchy of needs through the concepts of existence, relatedness, and growth. The theory has been widely used in the workplace to analyze employee job performance but has not been applied in medical education. As mentioned above, we seek to analyze pre-clinical medical students’ learning motivation toward ultrasound education with regard to their future careers by applying ERG theory. Method This mixed method design used questionnaires for data collection. We also produced further qualitative and quantitative results. The research team asked learners neutral and open-ended questions. After data collection, three steps for analysis were followed based on grounded theory. Finally, the results of the thematic coding were used to complete the quantitative analysis. Results Our study involved 140 pre-clinical medical students, and their responses fell into 13 categories. Our test showed that students’ motivations toward ultrasound learning were unbalanced across the three ERG domains (F = 41.257, p < .001). Pairwise comparisons showed that students mentioned existence motivation (MD = 39.3%; p < .001) and growth motivation (MD = 40.7%; p < .001) more than relatedness motivation. However, there was no significant difference between existence motivation and growth motivation (MD = -1.4%; p = .830). Conclusion Based on our survey, first, we found that students placed a high value on existence and growth needs rather than relatedness. In addition, we recommend that ERG theory be applied in medical education motivation analysis.

Leadership for Sustainability: Connecting Corporate Responsibility Reporting and Strategy

This chapter describes how and why normative justification for corporate responsibility has been replaced with business case thinking. Modern organizations do link their non-financial reports to strategy because corporate responsibility is seen as a source of competitive advantage, growth, motivation, and innovation. Non-financial reporting potentiates companies to understand, learn, and redefine their social and environmental impacts and its cost; how to minimize both impact and cost; and how to capitalize on challenges that management face on a daily basis. The connection between CR strategy and non-financial reporting is described along with how it is relevant for the successful business of modern organizations. By improving CR strategies and developing unique non-financial reporting, organizations can be more effective and efficient in the local community, which will positively reflect on their business model and in achieving higher sustainability levels.