Estimated production, catch per unit effort, biological aspects of tuna, skipjack, and small tuna in North Sumatra

Tuna and like species resources are like other renewable resources. The level of exploitation of these resources dramatically affects their ability to maintain their numbers and abundance in the water. Fishery management policy should be conducted based on a scientific-based approach. This research aims to collect data related to tuna fisheries and the like, including data collection aspects of coaching, the composition of catches, and the biology of tuna catches in 2020. Research location in North Sumatra. The results showed that the estimated value of skipjack tuna (SKJ) of 232,823 tons, yellowfin tuna (YFT) of 23,682 tons, frigate tuna (FRI) is 40,949 tons, and Kawakawa (KAW) is 1,374 tons. SKJ, as of 6.149 samples, have length class 18-60 cmFL, CPUE highest in April and lowest in August. FRI of 1.619 samples with a lengthy class between 17-44 cmFL, CPUE highest in October and lowest in December. YFT of 1.060 samples with a lengthy class 18-60 cm, CPUE highest in April and lowest in March. Kawakawa of the 1.530 samples has length class 25-54 cm, with the highest CPUE in April and lowest in March and July.

Analysis of 1.2 million foot scans from North America, Europe and Asia

For decades, footwear brands have developed products using outdated methods and measurements, working with limited insight into the foot shapes and dimensions of their target customers. The integration of 3D scanning technology into footwear retail stores has made it possible for this research to analyze a database containing a large number of male and female 3D foot scans collected across North America, Europe, and Asia. Foot scans were classified into length classes with 5mm length increments; mean width, instep height, and heel width were calculated for each length class. This study confirms the existence of many statistically significant differences in mean foot measurements amongst the regions and between the sexes, and a large dispersion of foot measurements within each group of customers. Therefore, shoes should be developed separately for each group, region, and sex, and at least 3 shoe widths per length class are required to provide a proper fit for 90% of customers. Beyond this, our analysis asserts that a shoe designed for a single group will fit a different segment of the population in another group, and that existing last grading tables should be updated to reflect the foot dimensions of current consumers.

Biométria de frutos e sementes de Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke

<p>A Caatinga apresenta uma grande diversidade de espécies vegetais<strong>, </strong>dentre elas <em>Luetzelburgia auriculata</em> é uma das espécies predominantes no bioma, desempenhando papel fundamental para o ecossistema local. Este trabalho objetivou descrever as características biométricas de frutos e sementes de <em>Luetzelburgia</em><strong><em> auriculata. </em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong>Para a descrição das características da semente foram coletados 200 frutos e 200 sementes de plantas nativas do município de Santa Helena, Paraíba. As amostras foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Nutrição Mineral de Plantas do Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural de Universidade Federal de Campina Grande para a realização das devidas aferições biométricas. Os frutos foram analisado pelo comprimento, espessura superior, mediana e inferior; largura superior, mediana e inferior. Para as sementes, foram analisados comprimento, espessura e a largura. Verificou-se que o comprimento dos frutos variou de 50,7 a 98,2 cm, a espessura de 6,00 a 17 mm e largura variando de 12,4 a 21,8 mm. Em relação às sementes, 46% se enquadraram na classe de comprimento com intervalo de 19,9 a 20,8 mm. A espécie <em>Luetzelburgia auriculata</em> apresentam variabilidade nas características biométricas de frutos e sementes</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Biometrics of fruit and seeds of </em></strong><em>Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemão) Ducke</em></p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The Caatinga presents a great diversity of plant species, among them the woodpecker (<em>Luetzelburgia auriculata</em> (Allemao) Ducke.) is one of the predominant species in the biome, playing a fundament al role for the local ecosystem. This work aimed to describe the biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds of Pau de Pedra. For the description of the characteristics of the <em>Luetzelburgia auriculata</em> (Allemão) Ducke seed, 200 fruits and 200 seeds of native plants of the municipality of Santa Helena, Paraíba state were collected for biometry and seed mass. Afterwards they were packed in plastic bags and properly identified and taken to Laboratório de Nutrição Mineral de Plantas do Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, where the biometric measurements were continued. The fruit was analyzed for its length, the upper, median and inferior thickness; Upper, median and lower width. The seed was analyzed for length, thickness and width. It was verified that the length of the fruits varied from 50.7 to 98.2 cm, the thickness with 6.00 to 17 mm and width ranging from 12.4 to 21.8 mm. Regarding the seeds, 46% were in the length class with a range of 19.9 to 20.8 mm. From the evaluations we conclude that the species <em>Luetzelburgia auriculata</em> present variability in the biometric characteristics of fruits and seeds, and the morphological description of the fruit and the seed constitutes the importance of the species recognition.</p><p> </p>

The consonant length contrast in Persian: Production and perception

Across languages, there is a tendency to avoid length contrasts in the most vowel-like consonant classes, such as glides or laryngeals. Such gaps could arise from the difficulty of determining where the boundary between vowel and consonant lies when the transition between them is gradual. This claim is tested in Persian (Farsi), which has length contrasts in all classes of consonants, including glides and laryngeals. Persian geminates were compared to singletons in three different speaking rates and seven different consonant classes. Geminates were found to have longer constriction intervals than singletons, and this length effect interacted with both speaking rate and manner of articulation. In one of two perception experiments, Persian speakers identified consonants as geminate or singleton in stimuli in which the constriction duration was systematically varied. The perceptual boundary between geminates and singletons was most sharply defined for obstruents and least so for laryngeals, as reflected by the breadth of the changeover region in the identification curve. In the other perception experiment, subjects identified the length class of glides differing in constriction duration and formant transition duration. Longer formant transitions led to more geminate responses and to a broader changeover interval.

Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part IV: Perciformes (Centropomidae, Acropomatidae, Serranidae, Priacanthidae, Malacanthidae, Pomatomidae, Carangidae, Lutjanidae, Gerreidae and Haemulidae)

ABSTRACT This publication is part of a series that will constitute an Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths for the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian area. It presents the results of the morphological and morphometric analyses of 31 Perciformes (two species of Centropomidae; two of Acropomatidae; two of Serranidae; two of Priacanthidae; two of Malacanthidae; one of Pomatomidae; six of Carangidae; three of Lutjanidae; five of Gerreidae and six of Haemulidae). Whenever available in the collection, otoliths from three distinct specimen sizes were illustrated and photographed in order to show their variation during development. For each characteristic the frequency of occurrence was calculated within each length class (TL) and among length classes (during development) and differences were analyzed by a multiple χ² test (significance 0.05).

Atlas of marine bony fish otoliths (sagittae) of Southeastern-Southern Brazil Part III: Clupeiformes (Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Pristigasteridae)

ABSTRACT This publication is the second in a series that will together constitute an Atlas of Teleostei Otoliths for the Southeastern-Southern Brazilian area. Here we present results of morphologic and morphometric analyses of 12 Clupeiform species (3 Clupeidae, 7 Engraulidae and 2 Pristigasteridae) by means of the most commonly used features, measurements and indices. Three otoliths of each species have been illustrated and photographed whenever possible. The frequency of occurrence has been calculated for each characteristic by total length class (TL), and the ontogenetic differences have been analyzed (multiple χ² test; significance 0.05).

Measuring the effect of fuel treatments on forest carbon using landscape risk analysis

Wildfire simulation modelling was used to examine whether fuel reduction treatments can potentially reduce future wildfire emissions and provide carbon benefits. In contrast to previous reports, the current study modelled landscape scale effects of fuel treatments on fire spread and intensity, and used a probabilistic framework to quantify wildfire effects on carbon pools to account for stochastic wildfire occurrence. The study area was a 68 474 ha watershed located on the Fremont-Winema National Forest in southeastern Oregon, USA. Fuel reduction treatments were simulated on 10% of the watershed (19% of federal forestland). We simulated 30 000 wildfires with random ignition locations under both treated and untreated landscapes to estimate the change in burn probability by flame length class resulting from the treatments. Carbon loss functions were then calculated with the Forest Vegetation Simulator for each stand in the study area to quantify change in carbon as a function of flame length. We then calculated the expected change in carbon from a random ignition and wildfire as the sum of the product of the carbon loss and the burn probabilities by flame length class. The expected carbon difference between the non-treatment and treatment scenarios was then calculated to quantify the effect of fuel treatments. Overall, the results show that the carbon loss from implementing fuel reduction treatments exceeded the expected carbon benefit associated with lowered burn probabilities and reduced fire severity on the treated landscape. Thus, fuel management activities resulted in an expected net loss of carbon immediately after treatment. However, the findings represent a point in time estimate (wildfire immediately after treatments), and a temporal analysis with a probabilistic framework used here is needed to model carbon dynamics over the life cycle of the fuel treatments. Of particular importance is the long-term balance between emissions from the decay of dead trees killed by fire and carbon sequestration by forest regeneration following wildfire.