PROFIL ANALOGICAL REASONING SISWA SMA

<p>Analogical reasoning is the ability to solve problems by finding similarities between two objects, namely source and target objects. The purpose of this study was to determine the analogical reasoning profile of students at SMA N 16 Semarang. This study is included in a qualitative study with data collection techniques used in surveys by working on analogical reasoning problems. The research subjects were 100 students of class X. The results found in this study were the category of analogical reasoning ability of students of SMA N 16 Semarang low with a frequency of 74 and a percentage of 73.6%. The low ability of analogical reasoning students is influenced by the lack of learning methods that encourage students in problem-solving using analogies, besides analogies have two sides if understood will facilitate students' understanding of concepts, but if it cannot be understood misconceptions occur so teachers rarely use analogous reasoning in explaining material abstract. Therefore it is necessary to have an understanding and experience of the teacher to build this ability by using learning methods that support analogical reasoning abilities.</p>

Bootstrapping of integer concepts: the stronger deviant-interpretation challenge (and how to solve it)

Beck (Cognition 158:110–121, 2017) presents an outline of the procedure of bootstrapping of integer concepts, with the purpose of explicating the account of Carey (The Origin of Concepts, 2009). According to that theory, integer concepts are acquired through a process of inductive and analogous reasoning based on the object tracking system (OTS), which allows individuating objects in a parallel fashion. Discussing the bootstrapping theory, Beck dismisses what he calls the "deviant-interpretation challenge"—the possibility that the bootstrapped integer sequence does not follow a linear progression after some point—as being general to any account of inductive learning. While the account of Carey and Beck focuses on the OTS, in this paper I want to reconsider the importance of another empirically well-established cognitive core system for treating numerosities, namely the approximate number system (ANS). Since the ANS-based account offers a potential alternative for integer concept acquisition, I show that it provides a good reason to revisit the deviant-interpretation challenge. Finally, I will present a hybrid OTS-ANS model as the foundation of integer concept acquisition and the framework of enculturation as a solution to the challenge.

The Appendix

Readers of the Treatise have long been perplexed by the appendix, in which Hume seems to recant his position on personal identity. Hume himself, while expressing some reservations about the arguments he advances in Book I of the Treatise, never rebuts or withdraws any of these arguments; he only doubts their conclusion. Second, he never replaces the account with any other. These facts at best suggest his ambivalence. Moreover, were he to recant these arguments, given the complete consistency in method in the Treatise as a whole, it is not at all clear that he would be entitled to any of the principal arguments or conclusions of the Treatise, inasmuch as all proceed from the same foundations via analogous reasoning. This chapter shows that this volume’s reading of the Treatise allows Hume a reply to his second thoughts, even if it is a reply he himself did not consider.

Consenting to invasive contraceptives: an ethical analysis of adolescent decision-making authority for long-acting reversible contraception

Since USA constitutional precedent established in 1976, adolescents have increasingly been afforded the right to access contraception without first obtaining parental consent or authorisation. There is general agreement this ethically permissible. However, long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods have only recently been prescribed to the adolescent population. They are currently the most effective forms of contraception available and have high compliance and satisfaction rates. Yet unlike other contraceptives, LARCs are associated with special procedural risks because they must be inserted and removed by trained healthcare providers. It is unclear whether the unique invasive nature of LARC changes the traditional ethical calculus of permitting adolescent decision-making in the realm of contraception. To answer this question, we review the risk–benefit profile of adolescent LARC use. Traditional justifications for permitting adolescent contraception decision-making authority are then considered in the context of LARCs. Finally, analogous reasoning is used to evaluate potential differences between permitting adolescents to consent for LARC procedures versus for emergency and pregnancy termination procedures. Ultimately, we argue that the invasive nature of LARCs does not override adolescents’ unique and compelling need for safe and effective forms of contraception. In fact, LARCs may oftentimes be in the best interest of adolescent patients who wish to prevent unintended pregnancy. We advocate for the specific enumeration of adolescents’ ability to consent to both LARC insertion and removal procedures within state policies. Given the provider-dependent nature of LARCs and the stigma regarding adolescent sexuality, special political and procedural safeguards to protect adolescent autonomy are warranted.

Consistency and Epistemic Probability

Is consistency always epistemically virtuous? In this paper, I examine one threat to the traditional view that consistency is a minimum requirement for rational belief. Central to the argument is the notion of epistemic probability, understood as the degree of support or confirmation provided by the total available evidence. My strategy in examining this argument is to apply analogous reasoning to carefully tailored examples. The conclusions which emerge are substantive, informative and utterly implausible. I conclude, first, that the argument for inconsistency fails and, second, that it fails because epistemic probability does not conform to the axioms of the probability calculus. A plausible alternate model for determining degree of support is briefly considered.

SAMUEL J. BROADS CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION

In the decade following the passage of the Federal Securities Laws of 1933 and 1934, the reform of accounting and auditing practices directed authority for selection of accounting principles and auditing procedures away from the discretion of the individual accountant and auditor. Instead, a self-regulatory peer driven process to establish general acceptance for a more limited set of principles and procedures was being initiated. Two events which occurred in 1938 indelibly affected this process, the SEC's decision to issue Accounting Series Release No. 4, which empowered non-governmental entities as potential sources of authoritative support, and the McKesson & Robbins fraud which called into question the value of the independent audit and the role of external auditing at the very time a momentum had been established for self-regulation by the nascent and recently reunified accounting profession. The contributions of Samuel J. Broad in both the initiatives for self-regulation of accounting principles and of auditing procedures is examined in this paper. Further, several examples of Broad's rhetorical technique of employing analogous reasoning to facilitate dissemination of complex economic and accounting issues are examined.

Random Processes and Fields

In this chapter, the nonparametric methods of estimating the spectra and correlation functions of stationary processes and homogeneous fields are considered. It is assumed that the principal concepts and definitions of the corresponding theory are known (see Anderson, 1971; Box and Jenkins, 1976; Jenkins and Watts, 1968; Kendall and Stuart, 1967; Loeve, 1960; Parzen, 1966; Yaglom, 1986); therefore, only questions connected with the construction of numerical algorithms are studied. The basic results ranged from univariate process to multidimensional field are presented in Tables 3.1 and 3.2. These formulas make it possible to compare and trace the formal character of developing estimation procedures when the dimensionality is increasing. The schemes in these tables, as well as the formulas in the previous chapters, can be used for software development without any rearrangement. In part, this approach presents the application of the methods of Chapters 1 and 2 in evaluating random function characteristics. Of course, the final identification of the algorithm parameters (for example, the spectral window widths) can be made only through trial and error and by taking into account the character of the problem under study, that is, the physical properties of the processes and fields observed. The last section of this chapter presents results of the application of these methods to the analysis of some climatological fields. Here the basic results of the univariate spectral analysis are briefly discussed in order to develop algorithms for a multidimensional case by analogous reasoning. The complete description of the estimation procedures of the spectral and correlation analysis for univariate stationary process can be found, for example, in Jenkins and Watts, 1968.