Attachment, Religiosity, and Perceived Stress Among Religious Minorities During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of Cultural Context

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on stress levels around the world. In developing nations such as Pakistan, lack of resources and socioeconomic inequalities have compounded the negative impact of the pandemic, especially for minorities. Religion in the developing, collectivistic, Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan is a powerful identity marker inherited at birth and reflected in all identifying documents. A well-developed conceptual framework for religion is attachment to God, which has demonstrated strong predictive value for perceived stress in Western samples. Given the importance of other attachment relationships as well, this study has examined the predictive value of attachment to parents, attachment to God, and religiosity on perceived stress in Christian minorities within a Pakistani context. The sample consisted of 183 adult Christian Pakistanis. Multiple regression indicated that religiosity, attachment to father, and attachment to God were the strongest predictors of perceived stress, though not in the same pattern as expected in Western contexts. This finding demonstrates the importance of the impact of culture, attachment relationships, and religious context on perceived stress, indicating a need to consider both religion and culture in psychological care, as well as local and international public policy, to mitigate stress along minorities in developing nations in such uncertain times.

ANXIOUS-PREOCCUPIED ATTACHMENT TO FATHER: DOES PERMISSIVE PARENTING CONTRIBUTED?

In fact, parents nowadays tend to liberate their children more in everything. That is because parents –especially fathers, spend more time working, so in the end children get less attention. These actions that the parent takes are related to the use of permissive parenting. Children with low attention level (permissive parenting) from their fathers are predicting to have an insecure attachment, including anxious-preoccupied attachment. To that end, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between permissive parenting and anxious-preoccupied attachment to fathers among adolescents in Pidie-Aceh, Indonesia. This study used a purposive sampling technique with a total sample of 200 teenagers. Data collection techniques were performed by using permissive parenting scale and anxious-preoccupied attachment to father scale. The Pearson correlation test results showed that permissive parenting was positively related to anxious-preoccupied attachment to fathers (r count = 0.122; p = 0.042). The analysis proved that permissive parenting was significantly related to adolescents’ attachment to their fathers.

Does an Authoritative Parenting Style Associate with Secure Attachment to Father?

<p><strong>Abstract</strong>. Good parenting produces a good mutual relationship between parent and child. Fathers have a role in parenting. A father is involved in nurturing by interacting with children and utilizing his resources, including physical, cognition, and affection. To that end, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between authoritative parenting and secure attachment to fathers among adolescents in Pidie-Aceh, Indonesia. This study used a purposive sampling technique with a total sample of 200 teenagers. Data collection techniques were performed by using authoritative parenting scale and secure attachment to father scale. The Pearson correlation test results showed that authoritative parenting was positively related to secure attachment to father. The analysis proved that authoritative parenting was significantly related to adolescents’ attachment to their fathers</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>authoritative parenting, secure attachment, father, adolescent</p>

Peranan Kelekatan Aman Pada Ayah Dan Ibu Terhadap Penyesuaian Diri Santriwati

The purpose of this study was to find out whether there was a role of secure attachment to father and mother towards self-adjustment. The subjects in this study were 60 people, which were selected using a cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected using psychological scales including a scale of secure attachment to father, a scale of secure attachment to mother and a scale of self-adjustment. These scales used Likert-Scale model and data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that: (1) there was a role of secure attachment to mother towards self-adjustment in female students as indicated by the value of t count > t table (2.319 > 2.002); (2) there was a role of secure attachment to father towards self-adjustment in female students as indicated by the value of t count > t table (2.319 > 2.002); (3) there was no difference between the secure attachment to father and the secure attachment to mother towards the self-adjustment in female students as indicated by F count > F table (7.330 > 3.159). Based on these results, it can be seen that the effective contribution of the secure attachment to father and mother towards the self-adjustment was 20.5%, while the remaining 79.5% was contributed by other factors.

Attachment and emotional regulation in adolescents with depression

Background/Aim. Attachment and emotion regulation skills are recognized as important factors in the development of depression, but their specifics have rarely been discussed in clinical adolescent population. The aim of our study was to investigate attachment and emotion regulation strategies in adolescents with depression. Methods. The sample consisted of 101 adolescents, age 16 to 24, divided into three groups: 1) 41 adolescents with the diagnosis of depressive disorder; 2) 30 adolescents with the diagnosis of anxiety disorder; 3) 30 health adolescents (without psychiatric diagnosis). The assessment was done by the following instruments: the Socio-demographic questionnaire; the Semistructured clinical interview (SCID-I) for the Diagnostic and Stratistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV); the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Data were analyzed using MANCOVA and partial correlation, with gender, age and birth order as covariates. Results. The adolescents with depressive disorders had less secure attachment to mother and peers than the health adolescents and less secure attachment to father comparing to other two groups (MANCOVA F = 4.571; p = 0.000). The adolescents with anxiety disorder had less secure attachment to father and peers compared to the healthy adolescents group (p < 0.05). The depressed adolescents used the strategy of cognitive reappraisal less often than both control groups (MANCOVA F = 5.200; p = 0.001). Subjective experience of depressive symptoms was related to insecure attachments to both parents and peers (r = -0.457; -0.436; -0.349; p = 0.000), as well as to lower use of cognitive reappraisal (r = -0.446; p = 0.000). Conclusion. Our findings related the adolescent depression to insecure attachment in all domains, with the specific weakness in emotion regulation (weak cognitive reappraisal). The findings could have practical implications for preventive and therapeutic interventions.

Aggressive Perpetration and Victimization Among Polish Male and Female Adolescents: The Role of Attachment to Parents and Self-Control

Aggressive perpetration and victimization are a salient problem among Polish adolescents. Based on the general theory of crime, this study explored the associations between attachment to parents and self-control with perpetration and victimization among Polish adolescents ( N = 355, 146 boys and 209 girls). Results showed that (a) secure attachment to father related to less perpetration and victimization among boys and girls, whereas secure attachment to mother associated with less perpetration and victimization among girls; (b) secure attachment to father was related to better self-control for boys and girls; and (c) self-control related to reduced victimization and mediated the “attachment to father—victimization” association among girls. These findings suggest that generalizability of the general theory of crime in Polish adolescents is limited.