The effects of temperature shock on the treatment of high-concentration organic wastewater by an Fe0/GO-anaerobic system

Temperature changes are inevitable during the actual operation of anaerobic systems. Adding an Fe0/GO composite is shown to improve microbial activity and alleviate the adverse effects caused by temperature shock.

Influence of Inoculum and Substrate Concentration on Anaerobic Digestion of Ocimum Sanctum (Holy Basil)

“Anaerobic digestion is the constrained degradation of usual organic waste in the oxygen deficient environment and the existence of anaerobic microorganisms. Anaerobic digestion is accomplished by microbial diversity. “Substrate loading rate is a measure of biological conversion capacity of anaerobic system and has significant influence on the process performance. Henceforth in the current work, the outcome of different concentrations of substrate to inoculum (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9) on anaerobic digestion of Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum) used as substrate was explored in batch reactors for 45 days along with heterogenous cowdung as Inoculum. Temperature and biogas were noted daily. “The Volatile Solids (VS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (TKN) and Phosphorous were analyzed at an interval of 5 days. Though the degradation rates of various parameters showed a higher efficiency at 0.3 inoculum to “substrate concentration, the biogas generation was impending to be maximum at 0.6 among the various digesters.

An Economical Method for Simultaneously Improving Pretreatment and Anaerobic Fermentation Effects on Corn Straw Using Ultra-Low Concentration FeCl2

Low pollution, slight corrosion, and low cost are the main challenges in the conversion of biomass to biogas. In this work, based on the whole process optimization of biomass conversion, an effective method using an ultra-low concentration of FeCl2 was proposed to simultaneously promote the biochemical reaction and improve the pretreatment effect. The concentration of FeCl2 in the pretreatment was determined according to the requirements of the minimum amount which led to the optimal performance of the anaerobic system and had economical importance. The effects of FeCl2 in the pretreatment and anaerobic fermentation were evaluated by comparing with that of distilled water in the production of hydrolysis products and organic acids. The optimal condition was obtained at 180 °C and 10 min with 1 × 10−5 mol/L FeCl2 pretreatment. At that condition, hemicellulose achieved a high conversion of 97.6%, and the released xylose reached nearly 95%. At least 77.5% of the organic matter in the solution can be utilized for subsequent fermentation. FeCl2 pretreatment also accelerated the anaerobic acidification fermentation process and promoted organic acid yields. The work provided a meaningful and economical choice for the conversion technology of biomass to biogas.

Lactate as energy substrate and its role in carcinogenesis

Introduction: Lactate is the product of the degradation of pyruvate produced in the cytoplasm. For a long time, it was believed that it was produced only in the presence of hypoxia. Several studies have shown that lactate production depends on several factors and is not only influenced by the lactic anaerobic system. In addition, large concentrations of lactate are present in neoplastic cells, even at rest, a phenomenon known as the Warburg Effect, which can occur due to the high metabolic rate of tumor cells. Objective: This study aimed to discuss the physiological aspects involved in the production, metabolism and signaling of lactate, as well as to demonstrate the new therapeutic results related to the cancer clinic. Methods: This is a literature review study. Articles were selected in the languages: Portuguese, English and Spanish, published between 2000 and 2019, in the databases: MEDline via Pubmed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). The gray literature was verified using Google Scholar and reference list of selected articles. Results: 43 articles related to lactate were included. The searches were carried out between July and December 2019. Conclusion: Lactate is a subtract produced in aerobic and anaerobic environments, in different exercise intensities. It can be used as an energy source during and after physical exercise, in addition to acting on anabolic signals. On the other hand, it can contribute to the maintenance of an environment that favors carcinogenic proliferation. This thinking has allowed the creation of new therapies to decrease tissue damage and eradicate malignant cells.Keywords: lactic acid, neoplasm, metabolism.

Interaction of iron ions with melanin

One of the antioxidant roles of melanin is binding redox-active transition metal ions. The aim of this study was to examine the redox reactions accompanying iron binding by melanin. Two kinds of synthetic eumelanin were mixed with iron (II) and iron (III) in the presence and absence of citrate and ADP in the aerobic and anaerobic system. The iron binding was examined by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and thiocyanate assay. Obtained results indicate that although melanin reduces iron (III) that is unbound to this polymer, binding of iron (II) is accompanied by its oxidation by melanin.