A comparative study for the assessment of Ikonos satellite image-fusion techniques

I<span>Image-fusion provide users with detailed information about the urban and rural environment, which is useful for applications such as urban planning and management when higher spatial resolution images are not available. There are different image fusion methods. This paper implements, evaluates, and compares six satellite image-fusion methods, namely wavelet 2D-M transform, gram schmidt, high-frequency modulation, high pass filter (HPF) transform, simple mean value, and PCA. An Ikonos image (Panchromatic-PAN and multispectral-MULTI) showing the northwest of Bogotá (Colombia) is used to generate six fused images</span>: MULTI_{Wavelet 2D-M}, MULTI_G-S, MULTI_MHF, MULTI_HPF, MULTI_SMV, and MULTI_PCA. <span>In order to assess the efficiency of the six image-fusion methods, the resulting images were evaluated in terms of both spatial quality and spectral quality. To this end, four metrics were applied, namely the correlation index, erreur relative globale adimensionnelle de synthese (ERGAS), relative average spectral error (RASE) and the Q index. The best results were obtained for the </span> MULTI_SMV image, which exhibited spectral correlation higher than 0.85, a Q index of 0.84, and the highest scores in spectral assessment according to ERGAS and RASE, 4.36% and 17.39% respectively.

Parametrising Historical Islamkoy Courtyard-Dwellings: Spatial Quality Parameters and Examination Based on AHP Method

Throughout the historical process humans have shaped the environment that they lived in and developed it according to their needs. The living culture has been formed with various spatial setups in dwellings which are the most basic habitats of humankind. Today, functionality comes into prominence in this living culture which is referred to as traditional dwellings. This shows that the continuity is ensured by presenting mass and cultural harmony between spatial setups and the garden and neighboring dwelling relations. Amongst the traditional dwellings, Turkish house is also considered as an important example, which provides continuity with its diverse plan organizations and spatial characteristic. The courtyard character in traditional dwellings is the space that is effective in the organization of spatial which sheds light on present day with various parameters. This is because the dwelling is located in the courtyard. Moreover, the courtyard, which starts with the entrance and where the households carry out their daily lives, is very significant for the Turkish dwelling as it contains both natural and cultural characteristics. The traditional dwellings of the village of Islamköy, which is located in the Atabey district in Isparta province of Turkey, are discussed within the scope of the study, which examines how the concept of courtyard that contains the functional and aesthetic values of the Turkish dwelling, forms various plan organizations and spatial characters in many cultures, affects the spatial quality. Spatial quality parameters were examined on five second-degree registered traditional dwellings located on Okul Street in the Islamköy village. Three basic principles have been determined which are functional, aesthetic and ecological and the sub-parameters of these determined principles have been introduced with the information and documents obtained from the literature. The AHP method was used to determine the priorities of the parameters in this direction. Thus, taking into account the spatial quality parameters, the priority parameters of the courtyard character in the traditional dwellings of Islamköy were determined

Space Redevelopment of Old Landfill Located in the Zone between Urban and Protected Areas: Case Study

Landfills are elements of the waste management system, without possibility of further reclaiming, according to the requirements of a closed-loop economy, but with the possibility of transforming the area into other functions. The research combined monitoring of plant species, suggesting the composition of vegetation cover for pro-ecological management, analysis of functional and infrastructural incorporation of the landfill in the surrounding landscape, and proposals for reclamation and social application. An assessment of geotechnical safety was also made. Modernization of the landfill suggests that the pressure placed on other untouched locations should decrease. The designed space allows reintroducing socio-ecological life into this degraded area. Taking advantage of the character of the area, including variable development and significant landscape potential on the outskirts of a large city in the vicinity of protected areas, there is the possibility of creating new spatial quality following the standards of modern architecture-urban planning. One of the innovative elements of the project is the implementation of energy from renewable sources, including landfill biogas, photovoltaic panels and heat pumps. The development design includes social expectations and adaptation of new techniques to functioning in times of increased sanitary threats. The proposed design direction may be considered as a recommended trend for the sustainable development of urban areas.

THE EXPRESSION OF NUSANTARAN ARCHITECTURE IN SESAT AGUNG ARCHITECTURE

- As a visual language, architectural expressions can be understood through arrangements of its elements with certain patterns or techniques. According to Rob Krier (1988), the assessment of geometric expressions cannot be separated from the composition of architectural forms, including proportion, rhythm, ornament, shape, material, color and texture. Along the way, Tulang Bawang Barat, which was later abbreviated as Tubaba, became a stopover for migrants from various regions. Regent Umar Ahmad pursued the construction of Tulang Bawang Barat by building a mosque and a convention hall to fill the empty fields in Tulang Bawang Barat. The architectural expression of Balai Adat Sesat Agung – with its modernity – considered as success in reproducing historical and cultural identity of Nusantaran architecture. In identifying the expressions of Nusantaran architecture, the analysis of Sesat Agung architecture is carried out in three areas: site, building, and structure. Through descriptive-analytical methods, this research begins by formulating the properties and compositions of Nusantaran architecture expressions forming through related theories, including Nusantaran architectural theory, concepts of properties and composition, and anatomy of architecture theory. Furthermore, the properties and composition of Sesat Agung are studied to identify the expressions of Nusantaran architecture which manifested in the architecture of the Balai Adat Sesat Agung. This study found that the architectural expression of the Sesat Agung has printed a new architectural identity in Tulang Bawang Regency. However, regardless of the form and the aesthetics it carries, one thing that is missing from Sesat Agung architecture is its spatial quality. Key Words: expression, Nusantaran architecture, Sesat Agung.

IMPACT OF SPATIAL CONFIGURATION TO SPATIAL QUALITY: VENICE AND ISTANBUL

The purpose of this study is to identify the relationship between spatial configuration and spatial quality, and how they affect each other. Spatial quality is a sophisticated concept and encompasses physical, social, economic, cultural and environmental components. Urban squares reflect these parameters and also play a decisive role in urban identity as areas of apparent urban culture and collective memory. Spatial configuration also determines the character of the squares as a result of morphological feature of cities. In the study, qualitative and quantitative methods are used together. Initially, the case study was conducted on two pier squares, San Marco Square (Venice) and Beşiktaş Square (Istanbul) according to fifty public space quality parameters. Secondly, morphological analysis was performed through space syntax method. It has been investigated whether there is a connection between spatial configuration and the factors determining the quality of space or not. As a result, it has been revealed that the spatial configuration is one of the determining factors being assessed the quality of the space, however, it does not provide sufficient data alone. The importance of this article is that it proposes an analytical approach that includes both quantitative and qualitative components of spatial quality.

DAYLIGHT VARIABILITY AND HUMAN PERCEPTION with reference to selected Contemporary Residential Spaces in Colombo, Sri Lanka

Visual perception of a space is influenced by the composition and behaviour of light. Daylight as a natural element, creates different atmospheres in the same space by its variation of intensity, colour, and direction. It creates dynamic shadow patterns, fluctuating brightness and contrast levels. Although the capacity to create variation - therefore contrast, is an important characteristic of daylight - it is often neglected in research, where comfort and visual performance take prominence. This is a research initiative to emphasise the value of daylight variation on spatial quality and human perception. The research adopts a two-step process, where, digital images are first mapped to generate contrast diagrams, and secondly, the generated digital images form the basis for a survey utilising a seven-point semantic differential scale, to explore the relationship between daylight variability and human perception. The temporal variation of daylight is explored by diagramming the spatial images at selected times of the day and year. The scope of the study is limited to selected contemporary residential spaces and focus on the manner of integrating daylight into spaces. Results show that a direct relationship between daylight variability and human perception for side lit spaces is not evident, yet it is evident in top lit options.

Associations between the quality of street space and the attributes of the built environment using large volumes of street view pictures

In this study, we focus on the quality of street space which has attracted high attentions. We discover associations between the quality of street space and built environment attributes through an ordered logistic model using massive street view pictures (SVPs) and data on street location, form, function and attributes. Before ascertain which built environment factors influence the quality of street space, we checked the concordance of the experts’ scores, as well as correlations between different dimensions through Kappa analysis and drew the distribution map of street space quality. We found that the value of intersection over union is 85.61% for scoring the street space quality by different people. The spatial quality of more than 75% streets are in the middle level with no obvious polarisation observed in the central area of Qingdao. In addition, for street quality index, all variables are statistically significant. The sequence is as follows: near-line rate > D/H ratio > slope > length of street > distance to administrative center > POIs diversity. The D/H ratio, near-line rate, slope length of street, distance to administrative center and POIs diversity have various associations on every dimension of street quality. They can prove useful for drafting more appropriate policy measures aimed at improving street quality.

Interlocking: The Phenomenological Apartment

<p>New Zealand faces the need for more housing over the coming decades due to increasing population and a decreasing household size. An existing response is a trend of higher density apartment buildings within our inner cities. However these small standardized apartments have created a negative view toward urban apartments, commonly being described as ‘shoe-boxes’. Can urban inner-city higher density housing be better designed? This becomes the focus of this research in regards to quality of space in small apartments. A critique of existing ‘shoe-box’ apartments is developed, proving they lack spatial quality, have lost a crucial connection with the dweller and are largely irrelevant to their site. The research seeks to remedy the ‘shoe-box’ apartment by applying principles from the theory of phenomenology and an interlocking typology. Phenomenology is introduced as a key theory to help develop a grounding in specificity and re-instill the notion of bodily experience in space. This theoretical position, based on Steven Holl’s architectural interpretation of phenomenology, with a bodily emphasis, is applied through four strategies to integrate a spatial experience. Typologically, interlocking apartments provide a precedent, where by their very nature, the interlocking produces an interesting relationship between spaces. This precedent analysis provides seven techniques which are coupled with the strategies from Holl, and applied to the design. The resulting design is a successful mixed-use urban solution, with a focus on the outcome of interlocking apartments.</p>

Interlocking: The Phenomenological Apartment

<p>New Zealand faces the need for more housing over the coming decades due to increasing population and a decreasing household size. An existing response is a trend of higher density apartment buildings within our inner cities. However these small standardized apartments have created a negative view toward urban apartments, commonly being described as ‘shoe-boxes’. Can urban inner-city higher density housing be better designed? This becomes the focus of this research in regards to quality of space in small apartments. A critique of existing ‘shoe-box’ apartments is developed, proving they lack spatial quality, have lost a crucial connection with the dweller and are largely irrelevant to their site. The research seeks to remedy the ‘shoe-box’ apartment by applying principles from the theory of phenomenology and an interlocking typology. Phenomenology is introduced as a key theory to help develop a grounding in specificity and re-instill the notion of bodily experience in space. This theoretical position, based on Steven Holl’s architectural interpretation of phenomenology, with a bodily emphasis, is applied through four strategies to integrate a spatial experience. Typologically, interlocking apartments provide a precedent, where by their very nature, the interlocking produces an interesting relationship between spaces. This precedent analysis provides seven techniques which are coupled with the strategies from Holl, and applied to the design. The resulting design is a successful mixed-use urban solution, with a focus on the outcome of interlocking apartments.</p>

Spatial quality assessment of the pedestrian's environment using online digital tools

Tourist cities, in addition to offering places of attraction, must have quality spaces, with pedestrian-oriented infrastructure to ensure comfort, safety, accessibility, among other aspects that contribute to increasing local attractiveness. However, for this to happen, it is necessary that these cities know the reality of the pedestrian-oriented infrastructure available, through accurate surveys, which can be done on site and/or through online digital tools. In this context, this paper shows results from a study on the quality of pedestrian infrastructure on an important avenue in the tourist city of Barra Bonita, a city in the Midwest of São Paulo. The methodology incorporated the use of the spatial quality index of the pedestrian environment (IQEAP), developed by TONON (2019), and the virtual tools of Google Earth and Street View. The analysis of the results showed that the evaluated area has "Regular" IQEAP and, therefore, needs improvements in aspects involving the three pedestrian environment plans aimed at the pedestrian scale. The results also show negative aspects in relation to the virtual form of data survey (technical audit), which is not very accurate due to the dates of the images, absence of precision tools, and low image resolution. However, significant positive aspects can be highlighted, such as the reduction of survey time on site (in situ), and the use of fewer financial resources. Thus, this method can facilitate the survey of data in places of difficult geographical access, dispersed, large or distant areas, and thus become an innovative and practical option.