Aristotle, Augustine and Ricœur’s Aporetics of Temporality in Context

Questioning Ricœur’s positioning of Aristotle and Augustine as the founders of the two mutually exclusive conceptions of time that dichotomize the Western tradition, this article suggests that what Ricœur describes as the aporetics of temporality is a product of the modern social time regime. Extracting Aristotle and Augustine’s conceptions of time from this modern problem reveals the Aristotelian so-called “naturalist” view of time as one that rather unifies humans and their world through symbolic mediation, while Augustine’s alleged “subjective” conception of time is read rather as expressing the subordination of time to divine transcendence.

On the Sustainability of Local Cultural Heritage Based on the Landscape Narrative: A Case Study of Historic Site of Qing Yan Yuan, China

As a feature of local cultural heritage, historical garden sites should not only focus on landscape sightseeing, but should also champion the sustainability of cultural heritage and promote the local community’s wellbeing. This article uses the landscape narrative method to explore how the local public, with both professional and non-professional backgrounds, manages the cultural heritage and enhances its sustainability. Qing Yan Yuan is a historical garden site in Huai’an, Jiangsu Province, China, and constitutes the research area of this study. This article firstly conducts in-depth interviews with local residents with non-professional backgrounds; then, it collects relevant information from professionals, such as introductions, comments, news, periodicals, etc.; finally, it adopts the content analysis method to decode, summarize and sort out accordingly. Through the analysis of landscape narrative data, this paper found that three cultural heritage value strategies are used by the public: (1) origin landscape narrative; (2) functional landscape narrative; (3) meaningful landscape narrative. The origin landscape narrative is the expression of a cultural heritage value of “past presentation”; the functional landscape narrative is a cultural heritage value of “place identity”; the meaningful landscape narrative shows a cultural heritage value of “future education”; all these together constitute the local public subjective conception of the sustainability of cultural heritage.

THE PHILOSOPHICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF THE WORLD EXPRESSION

The article says about the theoretical analyze of the philosophical, psychological and pedagogical literature according the world expression. It`s been proven that the definition of the word «world expression» changes depending on the direction of the study: the process of the expression in the philosophical conceptions is one of the form of the expression in which the material unity of the world is realized through the representation of objective reality of the human mind in the process of discovering the objects of the outside world. Based on this, information is accumulated. In psychology, from the standpoint of forming mental qualities the world expression is the ability to be actively targeted working with the environmental information which leads to the certain results – psychological conditions, images, feelings, concepts, emotions. In Art Pedagogy from the position of aesthetic and educational activities it is the Art modeling of reality in the human activity to create art images. From the aesthetic education this word means the full realization of the person as an object of art activity, it brings to a valuable attitude to reality and art. It is necessary to form the personal development, the growth of consciousness and personal expression, self-realization and need for spiritual improvement. It has been discovered that the reflection of the world means an active person`s position in the world experience and focuses on the interaction between the surrounding people. It is a fact that the expression of the world exists in each personality – it is the complete system of the rational and emotional world mapping processes expressed both internally (feelings, conditions, human qualities) and externally (activity results). The world expression is placed on the multi-stage presentation. The first one is the perception of the world – sensual images of the world around. The second one is the interpretation – creative subjective conception of the image. The third is the reproduction of the objects and phenomena of the world using artistic ways.Key words: worldview, reflection, world expression, spiritual and practical exploration of the world, art view, artistic image. У статті проведений теоретичний аналіз філософської та психолого-педагогічної літератури із проблеми «світовідображення». Доведено, що зміст поняття «відображення» варіюється залежно від напряму дослідження: у філософських концепціях процес відображення представлено як одну із форм вираження і реалізації матеріальної єдності світу через відтворення об’єктивної реальності у свідомо-сті людини в процесі пізнання об’єктів зовнішнього світу. На його основі відбувається накопичення інформації, ускладнення структури і функцій матеріальних систем; у психології,з позиції сформова-ності психічних якостей особистості – це здатність до активної цілеспрямованої діяльності під час сприйняття, перероблення та відтворення інформації з навколишнього середовища, що породжує певні результати і явища – психічні стани, образи, відчуття, поняття, емоції; у мистецькій педагогіці з пози-ції естетично-пізнавальної діяльності – як мистецьке моделювання дійсності в людській діяльності зі створення художніх образів; з позиції естетичного виховання – становлення особистості як суб’єкта художньої діяльності, що виявляє особистісно-ціннісне ставлення до дійсності і мистецтва, здатність до самореалізації. Результати. Наголошується на необхідності формування особистісно-ціннісного ставлення до дійсності, розвитку свідомості, здатності до самореалізації, потреби в духовному самов-досконаленні. З’ясовано, що світовідображення передбачає активну позицію особистості в пізнанні світу і спрямованість на взаємодію з оточенням. Визначено, що «світовідображення в особистості» – це цілісна система процесів раціонального й емоційного відтворення об’єктів зовнішнього світу, що знаходить вираження у внутрішніх виявах (розвиток почуттів, станів, якостей) і зовнішніх результа-тах (створення продуктів діяльності). Акцентується увага на тому, що світовідображення здійснюється впродовж таких етапів: сприймання– створення цілісних чуттєвих образів безпосередньо у процесі сприйняття навколишнього; інтерпретації – творчого осмислення образу, що містить оцінку сприймаю-чого; відтворення образу, що реалізується зображенням об’єктів і явищ навколишнього світу художні-ми засобами. Надано визначення поняття «світовідображення в особистості».Ключові слова: світогляд, відображення, світовідображення, духовно-практичне освоєння світу, мистецький світогляд, художній образ.

Subjective Probability

Subjective probability aims to solve a big problem: how to calculate probability when none of the definitions examined in the previous chapters is applicable. The probability that it will rain tomorrow, that a newly graduated student will find a job, or that a basketball player will pass the basket record are examples of the subjective conception of probability, as they require neither the knowledge of the mechanism that regulates the phenomenon nor the repeatability of the phenomenon. The value attributed depends on the state of information of the person making the assessment. The already mentioned Bayes' Theorem shows how to make probability evaluations and subsequently modify them in the presence of new data. Faced with the vast field of application, there is a very scarce (one would have to say nothing) attention on the part of the teachers who prefer to concentrate the little time dedicated to the subject to more standardized situations.

To Withdraw or Not to Withdraw: A Structural Analysis of the Scope and Limits of Voluntary Withdrawal of Criminal Attempt in the Rome Statute

Voluntary withdrawal of criminal attempt is one of the fundamental institutes of the general part of criminal law, originally codified in international criminal law in the Rome Statute. Since the Statute attributed significant legal effects to withdrawal, which excludes the liability for criminal attempt, it is important to establish a clear understanding on its scope and limitations. This article analyses controversial issues related to the legal nature of withdrawal as grounds for exclusion of criminal liability, withdrawal of individual offenders and accomplices, and provides interpretations on potential solutions for these issues. The analysis is based on the subjective conception of withdrawal, under which its essence lays in the rejection of the initial criminal intent, while taking into consideration withdrawal in the context of international crime. Based on the analysis, an original three-level test for the determination of withdrawal in the future practice of the International Criminal Court, (icc) is proposed.

ROLE OF VALUES IN THE PROCESS OF FORMING MOTIVATION TO YOUTH SENSE OF JUSTICE

The study of the role of fundamental values in the formation of sense of justice is an important and relevant topic. The purpose of the study is to comprehensively consider the problems of values in youth, to determine how they affect to the formation of the sense of justice of the younger generation, and to study its role in the process of such formation. Values acquire value forms based on the psychological presentation of a person about the value of things or other objects of the material or intangible world. Values can be understood as a complex conception of human or group human about phenomena, rules, norms, processes, results, objects or other creation that are important to such a person or group of people and in one way or another to influence to this person or group of people. The process of forming the values of a young person begins with the emergence of needs. The needs determine desire, motivation, aspiration, which in the future leads to a subjective conception of value. Values that are related to the ideals of society will be called spiritual values. The modern young generation will persevere attention in focusing on the ideals of spiritual enrichment. At the same time, such a process is not possible without clear guarantees of satisfaction for young people in the first place basic needs. Sense of justice as a means of preventive persuasion, which will contribute to the prevention of crimes only because of the possibility and inevitability of punishment for them, will not fully fulfill its function. The inner conviction is important, as it acts as the reliable guarantor of the sense of justice behavior, which in the future will result in a positive attitude toward the right standards in the young man, and therefore very relevant is the orientation towards the harmonious combination of the young man's aspirations to the formation of values as spiritual as well as others. A clear and well-considered policy aimed at creating and maintaining right values will contribute to the successful formation of sense of justice among young people, which in turn will lead to the prosperity of our country.

Eclipsed by Orthodoxy: The Vanishing Point of Consideration and the Forgotten Ingenuity of the Indian Contract Act 1872

The definition of consideration in Section 2(d) of the Indian Contract Act 1872 substantially anticipated the far-reaching reforms to the orthodox doctrine of consideration that were proposed by the English Law Revision Committee (1937). These included making enforceable, through the doctrine of promissory estoppel, promises without consideration in the traditional sense that were meant to and did induce reliance; making enforceable a promise to perform a pre-existing duty; and making binding a promise to keep an offer open. The pivots of the definition in Section 2(d) were: a ‘subjective’ conception of consideration on which value was to be measured by the desire of the contractors alone, as opposed to an external standard; a concomitant purging of the traditional requirements of benefit and detriment; and the recognition of induced reliance as a form of consideration. The definition was designed to mark the vanishing point of consideration without having to formally abolish it. This design, however, went awry as courts and scholars in India projected the orthodox English model of consideration, replete with benefit and detriment, and external standards of value, upon this provision. Consequently, an ingenious piece of draftsmanship came to be eclipsed by orthodoxy.

Neurociencia y Psicoanálisis; Divergencias en la concepción biológica/subjetiva del ser humano. Neuroscience and Psychoanalysis; Divergence in the biological/subjective conception of the human being.

Neuroscience and Psychoanalysis; Divergence in the biological/subjective conception of the human being.Resumen En la pretensión de comprender al Ser Humano, se han gestado múltiples orientaciones epistemológicas que en su momento y contexto atendieron a las demandas y manifestaciones de pensamiento y conducta del individuo. En ese foco de interés, surgió el Psicoanálisis hace un siglo. Para muchos, su principal detractor son las Neurociencias, que desde un punto objetivo y biológico busca abordar al Ser Humano sin sesgos subjetivos que se prestan a errores de interpretación. En el afán por encontrar una disciplina científica con una corriente ligada a la Psicología, algunos autores proponen, el Neuropsicoanálisis; cuyos objetivos no son claros y sus bases conceptuales y de aplicabilidad clínica no se articulan realmente. Algunos autores tienen interés por rescatar el psicoanálisis, otros tienen interés por dar cuenta de cómo las Neurociencias explican el Psicoanálisis y van más allá. Este panorama presenta un futuro prometedor para la Neurociencia y exige actualización para el psicoanálisis. Palabras Clave: Inconsciente, Neurociencia, Neuropsicoanálisis, Psicoanálisis, Redes Sinápticas, Sueños. AbstractIn claim to understand the human being, they have gestated multiplicity of epistemological orientations catering to the demands and protests of individual thought and behavior in context and at the time that they emerged. In the focus of interest, Psychoanalysis one century ago, emerged. For many, the main detractor are Neuroscience, that from an objective point and seeks to address the biological human being without being subjective bias that lend themselves to misinterpretation. In the rush to find a scientific discipline with a stream linked to psychology, it has even suggested by some authors, the Neuropsychoanalysis; whose objectives are unclear and their clinical applicability and conceptual bases are not really articulate. Some authors have interest to rescue psychoanalysis, in other interest account for Neuroscience explains how psychoanalysis and beyond. This scenario presents a promising future for Neuroscience and required update for psychoanalysis. Keywords: Unconscious, Neuroscience, Neuropsychoanalysis, Psychoanalysis, Synaptic Networks, Dreams.