Emergent Modality

Among Brahms’s solo Lieder that depict a piece-spanning shift between parallel minor and major tonics, “Todessehnen” (op. 86, no. 6), “Schwermut” (op. 58, no. 5), and “Dämmrung senkte sich von oben” (op. 59, no. 1) stand out for setting poetry that portrays a duality between burdensome life and transcendent death, or darkness versus light. This article explores how Brahms’s paradoxical treatment of the life-versus-death theme (associating death with an escape from suffering and the major mode, as noted in related analyses by ".fn_cite($platt_1992)." and ".fn_cite($suurpaa_2003).") correlates with a “tragic-to-transcendent” expressive genre (".fn_cite($hatten_1994).", 69) and enacts a series of poetic “turning points” (".fn_cite($huhn_2005).") that reflect the protagonist’s changing perception of temporality. I argue that the major mode emerges gradually in each song, first as an “implicit” (or “nascent”) tonic, then as a cadentially confirmed (or “realized”) key at the structural cadence. Close Schenkerian analyses of all songs show that their minor-to-major progressions are neither immediate nor direct. Rather, the songs share four tonal features that facilitate the modal change, enact a shift from “tragic” to “transcendent” expression, and actualize “poetic turning points:” 1) the parallel major emerges as a cadentially unconfirmed, nascent tonic; 2) prolongations of ".fn_flat('')."VI or IV delay a cadence in the parallel major key and convey the speaker’s entrance into new temporalities and perceptions; 3) the structural cadence confirms the major key and lays the modal conflict to rest; and 4) the postlude echoes the minor form of ".fn_scaledegree("6").", as if recalling the protagonist’s earlier struggles. The elevated expression of cadential ".fn_figbass("",64)." chords near the structural cadence—treated in the manner of “arrival six-four” chords (".fn_cite($hatten_1994).", 15)—suggests the actualization of a “transcendent” expression and either a future or intensified present temporality that the poem implies but does not realize.

How Do Shared Dockless E-Scooter Services Affect Mobility Practices in Paris? A Survey-Based Estimation of Modal Shift

Shared dockless e-scooters were first launched in Paris in the summer of 2018. These services were met with mixed reception: although some praised them for offering a new mobility solution to urban dwellers, others soon questioned their environmental impact. An emerging body of literature using lifecycle analysis shows that shared e-scooters are more pollutant than walking, cycling, and public transportation, but remain preferable to cars. To better grasp the impacts of dockless e-scooters, it is therefore necessary to identify which modes of transportation they replace. As mobility highly depends on local context, city-specific data are needed. Although modal change data from cities in North America and New Zealand are available, there is no similar information from dense European cities. Using quantitative survey data collected from shared e-scooter users in Paris, the present research offers novel data on modal shift toward dockless e-scooters in the French capital. Results show that for their last trip riding a shared e-scooter, most users would have walked or used public transportation had e-scooters not been an option, and only a limited share of them would have used a car. However, the overall impact of e-scooters on walking and public transportation use remains limited and they display a significant complementarity with public transportation. Such city-specific data on e-scooter use and impacts provide valuable inputs for local public authorities to implement efficient and tailored regulatory measures, so as to include these services in sustainable mobility policies.

Optimization of Bike Routes for Sustainable Urban Road Network

The transport department of urban cities always needs to keep abreast of sustainable developments such as in Port Said city that is an important urban city in Egypt. Bike routes planning mission is not an easy occupation, especially in developing countries. Mixed traffic is the main shape of the transportation system in most of their systems. The increase of the bike user's percent is an expected objective and be one of the modern sustainable transport solutions. On another side, a lot of problems and accidents had been occurred according to bike crossings among other transport vehicles; cars, buses, taxis, and others. This paper aims at studying the introduction of the bike route's effectiveness. It concludes the driver's reaction to a definite planning scenario and the optimistic effect of the modal change on the objective function that has been assumed by attaching a suitable time-saving for bike users using the Artificial Neural Network ANNs Approach. It shows the effect of bike speed change on the route using a greedy algorithm. The study designated only four streets from seven selected streets to be suitable routes for bike routes introduction. The average bike speed is predicted to increase from 1.5 km per hour to be 2.4 km per hour after introducing the bike routes.

FUSING MULTI-MODAL DATA FOR SUPERVISED CHANGE DETECTION

With the rapid development of remote sensing technology in the last decade, different modalities of remote sensing data recorded via a variety of sensors are now easily accessible. Different sensors often provide complementary information and thus a more detailed and accurate Earth observation is possible by integrating their joint information. While change detection methods have been traditionally proposed for homogeneous data, combining multi-sensor multi-temporal data with different characteristics and resolution may provide a more robust interpretation of spatio-temporal evolution. However, integration of multi-temporal information from disparate sensory sources is challenging. Moreover, research in this direction is often hindered by a lack of available multi-modal data sets. To resolve these current shortcomings we curate a novel data set for multi-modal change detection. We further propose a novel Siamese architecture for fusion of SAR and optical observations for multi-modal change detection, which underlines the value of our newly gathered data. An experimental validation on the aforementioned data set demonstrates the potentials of the proposed model, which outperforms common mono-modal methods compared against.

James of Viterbo on Seminal Reasons as inchoationes formarum

This article examines James of Viterbo’s theory of seminal reasons as inchoate forms (inchoationes formarum). James intends this theory to explain how the eduction (eductio) of substantial forms from the potency of matter does not entail that such forms are created ex nihilo. Substantial forms that come to be in generation preexist in matter as forms in potency. The form in potency is an inchoation of, or aptitude or propensity for, the form that comes to be in act. Generation is thus understood by James to be a modal change, for the form in potency and the form in act are one and the same thing (res); they differ only with regard to their mode of being. James’s theory of inchoate forms is a development of Bonaventure’s theory of seminal reasons, but reformulated with the help of Simplicius and Averroes.

Perception of Public Transport Quality of Service among Regular Private Vehicle Users in Madrid, Spain

Urban traffic levels can be reduced by drawing travelers away from private vehicles (PV) over to using public transport (PT). This modal change can be achieved by either introducing restrictions on PVs or by introducing measures which increase people’s satisfaction with PT. Many studies have shown that quality of service affects customer satisfaction which, in turn, influences the behavioral intentions toward the service; however, these studies have mainly concentrated on PT users. This paper intends to identify the main attributes which influence the perception PV users have about the PT services provided in Madrid (Spain). Ordinal logit models have been applied to an online panel survey with a sample size of 500 regular PV users. To achieve a comprehensive analysis and to deal with heterogeneity in perceptions, 15 models have been developed for the entire sample and for 14 user segments. The results indicate that the inhabitants are satisfied with PT in Madrid and that the most important PT service attributes for PV users are frequency, speed, and intermodality. Frequency is an important attribute for all the segments, whereas speed and intermodality are important for most of the segments. An analysis by segments has identified attributes which, although not important in most cases, are relevant for specific segments. Another interesting finding was that there are two attributes (accessibility and individual space) that were not found to be important in any segment. Findings from this study can be used to develop policies and recommendations for persuading more PV users to use the PT services.

Potentially Replaceable Car Trips: Assessment of Potential Modal Change towards Active Transport Modes in Vitoria-Gasteiz

Road traffic is the most important contributor to noise and air pollutant emissions in cities. Its substitution by non-motorized modes therefore has great potential to improve the urban environment while increasing levels of physical activity among the population. This paper identifies car trips that could potentially be transferred to active modes such as walking and cycling, and analyses the barriers perceived by people who travel by car. We detect potentially replaceable car trips based on a mobility survey, distance calculation, and a distance threshold approach. The answers to a set of questions in the mobility survey allow us to identify the perceived barriers for use of the bicycle, applied to Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain). The results show that between 30% and 40% of car trips could be replaced by active modes. Personal safety and distance results are the most limiting barriers perceived by car users, while physical condition and technique are the most limiting ones for bicycle users. These results provide valuable information for implementing measures to promote the replacement of motorized trips with walking and cycling.

Association between changes in lifestyle and all-cause mortality: the Health and Lifestyle Survey

BackgroundTo examine the combined influence of changes in physical activity, diet, smoking and alcohol consumption on all-cause mortality.MethodsHealth behaviours were assessed in 1984/1985 and 1991/1992 in 8123 adults from the UK (4666 women, median age 41.0 years). An unhealthy lifestyle score was calculated, allocating one point for smoking, fruits and vegetables <3 times a day, physical activity <2 hours a week and >14 units (women) or >21 units of alcohol (men) per week.ResultsThere were 2003 deaths over a median follow-up of 6.6 years (IQR 5.9–7.2) following the resurvey. The modal change in the unhealthy lifestyle score was zero, 41.8% had the same score, 35.5% decreased and 22.7% increased score between surveys. A one unit decrease in the unhealthy lifestyle score was not associated with a beneficial effect on mortality (HR 0.93; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.04). A one unit increase in the unhealthy lifestyle score increased the risk of mortality (adjusted HR 1.09; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.18).ConclusionsIn this general population sample, the adoption of an unhealthy lifestyle was associated with an increased risk of mortality.

A Model to Simulate Multimodality in a Mesoscopic Dynamic Network Loading Framework

A dynamic network loading (DNL) model using a mesoscopic approach is proposed to simulate a multimodal transport network considering en-route change of the transport modes. The classic mesoscopic approach, where packets of users belonging to the same mode move following a path, is modified to take into account multiple modes interacting with each other, simultaneously and on the same multimodal network. In particular, to simulate modal change, functional aspects of multimodal arcs have been developed; those arcs are properly located on the network where modal change occurs and users are packed (or unpacked) in a new modal resource that moves up to destination or to another multimodal arc. A test on a simple network reproducing a real situation is performed in order to show model peculiarities; some indicators, used to describe performances of the considered transport system, are shown.