What gender legislative reforms have meant for women in South Africa

South Africa is a much better place to live in today than before 1994. Having witnessed a largely peaceful transition from a pariah apartheid State to a democratic State where equality is guaranteed before the law, the country offers rights and justice for all. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa , 1996 set out to rectify the injustices of the past and eliminate the various forms of discrimination that were the hallmarks of an apartheid State. Gender equality was a focal point in the reforms introduced in legislation and government programmes in a new democratic society. In this article I explore what these gendered legislative reforms and measures have meant to South African women, and whether these measures have brought about a positive change in their lives. Framed within a feminist epistemological and methodological approach, I draw on the results of a qualitative study of South Africa women. The results form part of a larger mixed methods study employing both qualitative and quantitative components. Qualitative individual interviews as well as focus groups were conducted. For the majority of women interviewed, the promulgation of legislation was viewed as positive and progressive. Women are now recognised as full citizen, have access to various opportunities, and experience more autonomy and choice. However, participants raised numerous shortcomings in legislation, and challenges that they experienced in their daily lives. For some of the participants, the transformative changes anticipated in the social and economic spheres have not been realised.

The Concept of Isēgoria

This paper examines the concept of isēgoria. It looks especially at Herodotus, comparing his use of the term to that of other authors. The term does not primarily refer to ‘the equal right to speak in the assembly’. Rather, it is a ‘language ideology’ that characterizes the bearing of the free, full citizen. Isēgoria was a negative concept, defined by what it was not more than what it was: not flattery; not fearful; not indirect. Isēgoria could only exist in a community of complete equality, and was threatened when someone became too powerful or too important. It can best be translated as ‘the speech of equals before equals’.

Academic Exchange and Outreach Projects: Reflexions from an Experience on Refugees, Homeless and Occupations in Brazil and France.

Environmental engineering students conduct academic exchanges as part of their education. Refugees and homeless in many countries have in common the search for decent housing and basic survival conditions. Today's serious socio-environmental problems must be addressed by professionals who are able to propose effective and lasting solutions. Thus, and seeking to contribute to a full citizen formation of the individual and engineer of today's society, this article describes the experience of a French exchange student from EIVP (Ecole des Ingénieurs de Ville de Paris) in Environmental Engineering at UFRJ (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) in the MUDA Outreach project, where the student had the opportunity to visit occupations supported by social movements in previously unoccupied places in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. From reflections on the concept of refugee in Brazil and France, were analyzed and compared initiatives of settlements and homeless in both countries. It is concluded that, although distinct, the displacement crises of individuals and families in both countries have several points in common, highlighting that successful solutions can occur when the main objective is to propose comprehensive social inclusion projects that begin with the consolidation of a new generation of global citizens, which is the main contribution of this work.

Pelatihan Pengolahan Vertical Garden dan Penggunaan Alat Kesehatan Masyarakat Di Dusun Samirono, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta

AbstrakPadatnya perumahan penduduk dan kurangnya kepedulian masyarakat terhadap kesehatan jasmani, mengakibatkan sedikitnya masyarakat yang memiliki kebun diperkarangan mereka dan sebagian acuh terhadap kondisi kesehatan fisiknya, mengakibatkan mudahnya terserang penyakit.Tujuan dari layanan ini adalah (1) untuk meningkatkan konsep pengetahuan masyarakat tentang cara mengelola limbah dalam botol bekas dengan metode taman vertikal (2) untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang cara menggunakan perangkat medis. Ada aktivitas servise yang dilakukan dalam satu bulan dengan pertemuan dalam beberapa minggu. Dengan tujuan kegiatan tersebut adalah masyarakat dan ibu-ibu pengurus PKK desa Samirono. Ada aktivitas layanan yang dilakukan melalui bimbingan.Hasil layanan dijelaskan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil layanan ini menunjukkan bahwa layanan berhasil. Kata kunci: pelatihan pengelolahan sampah, vertical garden, penggunaan alat-alat kesehatan Vertical Garden Processing Training and Use of Community Health Devices In Hamlet Samirono, Caturtunggal, Depok, Sleman, YogyakartaAbstractThere is full citizen house resulted in the small number of people here garden. In their fields while lack of concerning about physical healt, result in easily attacted by disease. The purpose of this service are (1) To improve the concept of community knowledge about how to manage waste in the used bottles with the vertical garden method (2) To increase public knowledge about how to use medical devices. There is servise activity carryed out in one mounth with on meeting in weeks. with the aim of the activity were the community and mothers of the PKK administrators of vilage Samirono. There is service activity carried out through guidance. The result of the service are described by qualitatively descriptiviely. The results of this service indicated that service was success. Key words: waste management training, vertical garden, use of medical devices

Inclusive Education in Schools: Organizational-Pedagogical Aspects of the Problem

The article emphasizes that the urgent need today is to create the necessary conditions for meeting the needs of each child, regardless of its capabilities and other factors in realizing its potential, bringing benefits to society, and feeling that it is a full citizen. The author analyzes the main problems concerning the implementation of inclusive education at the present stage, examines the state of the problem's coverage in scientific works and normative-legal documents. The author focuses on a special place in the process of creating a comfortable environment for teaching children with special needs of psycho-diagnostic tools and correctional programs that need to be adapted. The article emphasizes that compliance with a number of requirements can increase the efficiency of the process of inclusive education in a comprehensive educational institution; outlines the main conditions for improving the quality of provision of educational services for children with special needs

England

This chapter reviews how the Church of England fared at the local, diocesan, and parochial levels in England during the long eighteenth century from 1662, when the Church was re-established as an episcopal and liturgically ordered Church, to 1828, when, with the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts (and Roman Catholic emancipation in 1829), members of other Churches gained full citizen rights. The chapter examines the response of clergy and laypeople at the local level to contemporary intellectual and socio-economic changes and organizational reforms and renewal in the Church, noting regional variations. It considers the pastoral and disciplinary roles of bishops and clergy, and explores the focal role of the Church in communal life in towns and villages and the active engagement of laypeople, including women, with the Church. The relationship with Dissenters from the Established Church is also discussed, as well as the evidence for anti-clericalism.

The African Joseph and his contribution to Africa and Ancient Israel (Gen. 41: 41-45)

The contentious Africanness of ancient Egypt/Egyptians is discussed at a great length since most Eurocentric biblical scholars erroneously believe that ancient Egypt/Egyptians belong to either Europe or Asia, despite the ancient Egyptian claim in their monuments (inscription of Hasheptsut) that they belong to Africa, precisely Punt. A close examination of Genesis 41:41-45 shows that the purpose of the elaborate ceremony/ritual is not only for Joseph’s promotion to the position of a vizier, but also mainly to make Joseph a full citizen of Egypt/Africa in order that he may be able to perform his duty as an Egyptian Deputy Governor. Unfortunately biblical scholars miss this fact. I have also emphasized that Joseph’s contribution to ancient Israel and Egypt/Africa is of great importance, despite the underestimation of these achievements of an African Joseph. This article aims to emphasize the fact that Joseph was made an African citizen and that he made great contribution to ancient Israel and Africa which is seldom recognized by many biblical scholars.

Stillbirth and Stigma: The Spoiling and Repair of Multiple Social Identities

This study investigated mothers' experiences surrounding stillbirth in the United Kingdom, their memory making and sharing opportunities, and the effect these opportunities had on them. Qualitative data were generated from free text responses to open-ended questions. Thematic content analysis revealed that “stigma” was experienced by most women and Goffman's (1963) work on stigma was subsequently used as an analytical framework. Results suggest that stillbirth can spoil the identities of “patient,” “mother,” and “full citizen.” Stigma was reported as arising from interactions with professionals, family, friends, work colleagues, and even casual acquaintances. Stillbirth produces common learning experiences often requiring “identity work” (Murphy, 2012). Memory making and sharing may be important in this work and further research is needed. Stigma can reduce the memory sharing opportunities for women after stillbirth and this may explain some of the differential mental health effects of memory making after stillbirth that is documented in the literature.

Introduction

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, namely to provide a thick description of Athenian status, ultimately broaching larger questions about the relationship between Athenian citizenship and civic ideology. “Civic ideology” here refers to the conception that all Athenian citizens—and only Athenian citizens—were autochthonous (that is, descended from ancestors “born from the earth” of Attica) and engaged in the political and military life of the city. This survey of statuses will demonstrate, among other things, that Athenian democracy was both more closed and more open than civic ideology might lead us to think: on the one hand, only some citizen males exercised full citizen rights; on the other, even noncitizens and naturalized citizens were, to varying degrees, partial shareholders in the Athenian polis.