Divergent evolution of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in India: An update from National Diphtheria Surveillance network

Diphtheria is caused by a toxigenic bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria which is being an emerging pathogen in India. Since diphtheria morbidity and mortality continues to be high in the country, the present study aimed to study the molecular epidemiology of C. diphtheriae strains from India. A total of 441 diphtheria suspected specimens collected as part of the surveillance programme between 2015 and 2020 were studied. All the isolates were confirmed as C. diphtheriae with standard biochemical tests, ELEK’s test, and real-time PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for the subset of isolates showed intermediate susceptibility to penicillin and complete susceptible to erythromycin and cefotaxime. Isolates were characterized using multi locus sequence typing method. MLST analysis for the 216 C. diphtheriae isolates revealed major diversity among the sequence types. A total of 34 STs were assigned with majority of the isolates belonged to ST466 (30%). The second most common ST identified was ST405 that was present in 14% of the isolates. The international clone ST50 was also seen. The identified STs were grouped into 8 different clonal complexes (CC). The majority belongs to CC5 followed by CC466, CC574 and CC209, however a single non-toxigenic strain belongs to CC42. This epidemiological analysis revealed the emergence of novel STs and the clones with better dissemination properties. This study has also provided information on the circulating strains of C. diphtheriae among the different regions of India. The molecular data generated through surveillance system can be utilized for further actions in concern.

Antimicrobial activity in cultures of endophytic fungi isolated from Talinum triangulare

. Endophytic fungi colonize the interior of plants without causing damage and act in symbiosis with their host. They are also potential sources of compounds with potential applications in industry, agriculture, and medicine, Thus, this study aimed to isolate and identify the endophytic fungi medicinal plant Talinum triangulare and evaluate its potential for the production of antimicrobial substances using the disk diffusion technique and testing in liquid medium front of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC SA 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC PA 0030, and Corynebacterium diphtheria ATCC 27012. Corynebacterium diphtheria was isolated from 3 fungi of the genus Trichoderma and Penicillium, with only the genus Trichoderma fungi showing antimicrobial activity.

Diphtheria: characteristics of the pathogen and laboratory diagnostics (lecture)

The problem of diphtheria infection remains relevant, since the circulation of toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae persists in the body of bacterial carriers, despite ongoing vaccination. The lecture presents modern ideas about the properties of the pathogen, its pathogenicity factors (toxin, pili, surface proteins (67-72P (or DIP0733), DIP1281, etc.) and their role in the pathogenesis of the disease.. Information about the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and modern methods of laboratory diagnostics of diphtheria is presented. The algorithm of bacteriological research and methods for determining the toxigenic properties of the pathogen are described. The basics of diphtheria vaccination as the only effective means of preventing mass outbreaks of this disease are considered in the framework of the proposed lecture. Knowledge of the peculiarities of the circulation of strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria in modern conditions, pathogenetic and clinical-epidemiological features of diphtheria, as well as modern methods of laboratory diagnostics is important and necessary for students of medical schools and infectious diseases doctors, pediatricians, bacteriologists, therapists, pulmonologists, epidemiologists, etc.

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is a potentially lethal infection caused by toxin-producing strains of Corynebacterium diphtheria, a Gram-positive bacillus. Humans are the only known reservoir, with spread via respiratory droplets or direct contact with skin lesions. Although now rare in developed countries, this vaccine-preventable disease remains an important problem in countries with poor or failing health systems, and is estimated to cause about 5,000 deaths per year worldwide, most in children under 5 years of age. Diphtheria develops when toxigenic bacteria lodge in the upper airway or on the skin of a susceptible individual. An intense inflammatory reaction develops, leading to a characteristic greyish-coloured pseudomembrane that is adherent to underlying tissues. Systemic effects are caused by release of diphtheria toxin, carried by a lysogenic corynebacteriophage, a single molecule of factor A of which can kill a eukaryotic cell.

keterkaitan status imunisasi dpt terhadap penyakit difteri pada anak sekolah

Difteri banyak menyerang pada usia anak 5-7 tahun. Penyakit infeksi akut yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Corynebacterium diphtheria (Kementerian Kesehatan, 2014). Golongan umur yang sering terkena difteri adalah 5-7 tahun. kasus difteri pada umumnya dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor risiko seperti status gizi anak, status imunisasi yangtidak lengkap, serta adanya riwayat kontak dengansi penderita. Di Indonesia difteri tersebar merupakan masalah kesehatan berbasis lingkungan yang tersebar diseluruh dunia. Di Asia Tenggara (South East Asia Regional Office) pada Tahun 2011 Indonesia menduduki peringkat kedua dengan 806 kasus (WHO, 2012). Dari 22 provinsi yang melaporkan adanya kasus difteri, provinsi tertinggi terjadi di Provinsi Jawa Timur yaitu sebanyak 295 kasus yang berkonstribusi sebesar 74%. Dari total kasus tersebut, sebanyak 37% tidak mendapakan vaksin campak. Kasus difteri meningkat setiap tahunnya di Provinsi Jawa Timur yang tersebar di kabupaten/ kota yang dengan angka kematian yang cukup tinggi, KLB difteri ditetapkan di Jawa Timur. Tahun 2018 di Kabupaten kediri mengalami kenaikan pada tahun 2017 sebanyak 9 kasus sedangkan tahun 2018 sebanyak 29. Sehingga perlu nya imunisasi DPT bagi anak rentan difteri, Anak yang mendapat imunisasi DPT sebanyak 3 kali atau lebih, memberi hasil negatip 100%.Imunisasi dasar terhadap penyakit Difteri sebanyak 3 kali, supaya daya lindung terhadap Difteri tercapai.3. Penggalakan pengembangan program imunisasi dengan sasaran anak usia 6-7 tahun untuk imunisasi DT, agar penurunan daya lindung terhadap Difteri pada anak usia di atas atau sama dengan 5 tahun dapat dicegah.

PROFIL PENDERITA DIFTERI YANG DIRAWAT YANG DIRAWAT DI RUANG ISOLASI KHUSUS RSUD Dr. SOETOMO SURABAYA

Abstrak. Latar Belakang: Difteri adalah penyakit menular mematikan yang dapat menjadi peristiwa luar biasa yang disebabkan oleh Corynebacterium diphtheria. Kasus difteri di Indonesia meningkat dan yang terbesar di Jawa Timur terutama di Surabaya pada tahun 2017 tergolong tinggi karena rendahnya cakupan imunisasi difteri. Difteri rongga mulut (tonsil-faring-laring) adalah yang paling sering (90%). Populasi risiko tinggi biasanya anak-anak yang tidak diimunisasi atau daerah dengan cakupan imunisasi DPT3 dan DT yang rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi difteri di Surabaya. Metode dan Materi: Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif retrospektif dengan menggunakan total sampling. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 82. Data dikumpulkan melalui buku catatan Ruang Isolasi Khusus RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya dan rekam medis elektronik. Hasil: Dari 82 sampel, distribusi responden menunjukkan bahwa kelompok jenis kelamin tertinggi adalah pria (64,63%), Usia didominasi oleh 0-5 tahun (46,34%) dan 6-11 tahun (34,14%), Pendidikan terakhir terbanyak adalah SD (24,39%), dan kota terbanyak adalah Surabaya (56,09%). Status imunisasi DPT terbanyak adalah tidak lengkap (63,41%), lokasi difteri terbanyak di tonsil (92,68%), terapi terbanyak yaitu penisilin procain 92,68%. Simpulan: difteri terbanyak didapatkan pada usia 0-11 tahun, berjenis kelamin laki-laki, mayoritas bertempat tinggal Surabaya, tingkat pendidikan terbanyak SD, status imunisasi DPT terbanyak adalah tidak lengkap, lokasi difteri terbanyak tonsil, jenis terapi terbanyak penisilin procain. Kata Kunci: Difteri, Tonsil, Imunisasi Abstract. Background: Diphtheria is a deadly infectious disease that can be an extraordinary event caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria. Diphtheria cases in Indonesia increased and the largest in East Java, especially in Surabaya in 2017 was classified as high due to the low coverage of diphtheria immunization. Diphtheria of the oral cavity (tonsils-pharynx-larynx) is the most frequent ( 90%). High risk populations are usually children who are not immunized or areas with low DPT3 and DT immunization coverage. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence diphtheria in Surabaya. Material and Methods: The type of research is a retrospective descriptive study using total sampling. The research sample was 82. The data was collected through the Special Isolation Room Dr. RS. Soetomo Surabaya and electronic medical records. Results: From 82 samples, showed that the highest gender group was male (64.63%), age was dominated by 0-5 years (46.34%) and 6-11 years (34.14%), the most recent education was SD (24.39%), and most cities are Surabaya (56.09%). Most DPT immunization status is incomplete (63.41%), most diphtheria locations in tonsils (92.68%), the most therapy is penicillin procain 92.68%. Conclusio: Diphtheria is found at the age of 0-11 years, male sex, the majority lives in Surabaya, the highest level of education is elementary school, most DPT immunization status is incomplete, the location of the most diphtheria tonsils, the most type of therapy is penicillin procain.Keyword: Diphtheria, Tonsils, Immunization

Molecular Docking Simulation based Virtual Screening for The Design of Potential Inhibitors of Heme Oxygenase of Corney Bacterium Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an infectious human disorder affecting upper respiratory tract which is characterized by fever, sore throat, and malaise. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria and other pathogenic strains of Corynebacterium. The pathogen invades in the nasopharynx and infects the host by releasing an exotoxin leading to the severe concerns in thekidneys, nervous system and cardiac muscles. Sometimes diphtheria infections may be fatal because of the circulatory failure caused by myocarditis.Hemeoxygenase is the rate limiting enzyme in heme degradation and catalyzes the NADPHcytochrome P450 reductase-dependent cleavage of heme to biliverdin with the release of iron and carbon monoxide. In the present paper we have performed molecular docking simulation based in-silico virtual screening of an NCI diversity set-II containing 1593 diverse ligands to identify potential inhibitor of the Heme oxidase enzyme of Corneybacterium diphtheria. The lead molecules are shortlisted on the basis of their binding energy and these molecules are supposed to be further evaluated experimentally for development of a newer therapy for the treatment of diphtheria.

KIT DIAGNOSTIK DIFTERI BERBASIS HIBRIDISASI DNA

Introduction: Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria bacterium. The recent diphtheria outbreak caused a large number of deaths in rapid period. This is due to the absence of a fast and precise method of diphtheria diagnosis. Current diagnosis practices aredone by cultivating bacteria which takes a relatively long time, which is 3 to 5 days, while the patients may already develop severe infection by the time the results are accessible. Therefore, a sensitive, easy and fast diphtheria diagnostic method is needed so that patients suspected of being infected can betreated quicker.Methods: This advertorial is written based on literature study method.Result: The diphtheria diagnostic kit was designed based on the DNA hybridization method by using DNA microarray. There are probes on the microarray plate in the form of a single stranded DNA fragment that is complement to the unique area of gene that encodes diphtheria toxin. The test sample wasobtained from the preparation of the patient's throat smear and labeled with a fluorescence marker before dropped onto the plate. Thus, if there is diphtheria DNA in the patient's sample, hybridization will occur between diphtheria DNA and the complementary DNA probe. The occurrence of hybridization will be characterized by fluorescence as an indicator of whether patients have diphtheria or not. The application of this diagnostic kit can shorten the diagnosis of C. diphtheria to less than 24 hours .Conclusion: Diphtheria diagnostic kit based on DNA hybridization can be made and applied.