Novel Synthesis of N-Acetylcysteine Medicine Using an Effective Method

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is mainly administrated as a mucolytic medication, antioxidant supplement, antidote in paracetamol overdose, and a drug for the prevention of diabetic kidney disease. Its effect has been investigated for the treatment of several diseases such as COVID-19. In this work, an effective method for high-yield synthesis of N-acetylcysteine is proposed. This drug can be synthesized in a single-batch step instead of using a multi-stage process. The proposed method has shown the potential to be considered as an alternative method for producing NAC. The purification process was carried out using suitable solvents to reach a high level of purity. The characterization of the synthesized drug was undertaken through Elemental analysis, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and melting point analyses.

The effect of antioxidants in Ehrlich Ascites Cancer

A fundamental goal in molecular oncology is to unravel the underlying mechanisms which cause the cell transformation. In line with this approach, genome-wide functional screening approaches have revealed exciting insights into heterogeneous nature of cancer. Rapidly expanding horizons of research have unraveled myriad of pathways which play instrumental role in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Oxidative stress has also been reported to be significantly involved in cancer onset and progression. In line with this approach, oxidative stress modulating chemicals have always been sharply divided into antioxidants and oxidative stress-inducing agents. Conceptual and experimental advancements have enabled us to critically analyze full potential of these two different groups of chemicals in cancer chemoprevention. Different antioxidants are currently being analyzed in different phases of clinical trials. Although it has been reported in the literature that antioxidant supplements reduce tumor cells in some tumors or cause volume reduction in solid tumor sizes, there is no definite consensus. Therefore, an antioxidant supplement guideline based on more detailed clinical research and as a result of these is needed to achieve the best care for cancer patients and to avoid risky treatments for cancer patients.

An Overview of Physical Exercise and Antioxidant Supplementation Influences on Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Stress

One of the essential injuries caused by moderate to high-intensity and short-duration physical activities is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damaging various body tissues such as skeletal muscle (SM). However, ROS is easily controlled by antioxidant defense systems during low to moderate intensity and long-term exercises. In stressful situations, antioxidant supplements are recommended to prevent ROS damage. We examined the response of SM to ROS generation during exercise using an antioxidant supplement treatment strategy in this study. The findings of this review research are paradoxical due to variances in antioxidant supplements dose and duration, intensity, length, frequency, types of exercise activities, and, in general, the lack of a regular exercise and nutrition strategy. As such, further research in this area is still being felt.

CORRECTION OF THROMBOCYTOPOIESIS IN RATS WITH WALKER-256 CARCINOMA USING AN ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENT IN THE SETTING OF CYTOSTATICS

— In this study, we’ve evaluated the myelotoxic effect of treating Walker-256 carcinoma with cytostatics, followed by correction of thrombocytopenia with liposomal and liposome-free mexidol. The study included 60 rats, which, depending on the type of treatment, were divided into 5 groups. We recorded the greatest increase in the number of platelets on the background of liposomal mexidol both on the 3rd and 7th day after the start of chemotherapy. At the end of the monitoring, the myeloprotective effect was 30% higher in the liposomal mexidol compared to its non-liposomal form. Conclusion: Activation of thrombocytopoiesis on the background of cytostatic therapy helps to reduce the complications related to the use of chemotherapy.

Use of glycosaminoglycans from Oreochromis niloticus skin as an antioxidant supplement for milt cryopreservation of Brazilian bocachico

The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant action of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from the skin of Oreochromis niloticus, and to determine their ideal concentration to supplement the sperm freezing medium of Prochilodus brevis. In experiment 1, the in vitro antioxidant properties of GAGs were verified through the analysis of DPPH, chelating ferrous ability, and total antioxidant capacity. In experiment 2, milt pools were formed, which were frozen in solution supplemented or not with different GAGs concentrations: 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, or 5.0 mg mL-1 (total of 10 treatments). The samples were evaluated for membrane integrity, DNA integrity, sperm morphology, and sperm kinetics. The results of experiment 1 showed that the GAGs exhibited, with the increase of the concentration, significant antioxidant action, for all the evaluated tests, mainly in the chelating ferrous ability. In experiment 2, it was observed that the increase of GAGs concentration decreased kinetic parameters (P < 0.05), however, the control and 0.5 mg mL-1 GAGs concentration showed similar results. For the other parameters (membrane integrity, DNA integrity, and sperm morphology), there was no decrease in results with the increase of GAGs concentration. In conclusion, GAGs extracted from O. niloticus skin have antioxidant action, and the concentration of 0.5 mg mL-1 was the most adequate to supplement the P. brevis sperm-freezing medium.

Formulation Evaluation and In- Vitro Antioxidant activity of Microparticles of Syzygium Cumini Plant Extract

Sygygium cumini, commonly known as Malabar plum, Java plum, black plum, jamun or jambolan, is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae. The present study the antioxidant effects of microparticles of S. cumini plant extract were evaluated using in vitro, 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazine photometric assay, total antioxidant activity and super oxide free radical scavenging activity. The microparticles showed different levels of radicals scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner over the range of 50–150 µg/mL concentration, indicating the high antioxidative capacity of the extract. In all the experimental screening models microparticles of aqueous extract show the maximum inhibition of free radicals comparison of other experimental model at different concentrations. These findings suggest that the seed of Syginium cumini has potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for some of its reported pharmacological activities and can be used as antioxidant supplement.

An Intermediate Concentration of Calcium with Antioxidant Supplement in Culture Medium Enhances Proliferation and Decreases the Aging of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Human bone marrow stem cells (HBMSCs) are isolated from the bone marrow. Stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into various types of cells. They are able to regenerate kinds of tissue that are potentially used for tissue engineering. To maintain and expand these cells under culture conditions is difficult—they are easily triggered for differentiation or death. In this study, we describe a new culture formula to culture isolated HBMSCs. This new formula was modified from NCDB 153, a medium with low calcium, supplied with 5% FBS, extra growth factor added to it, and supplemented with N-acetyl-L-cysteine and L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate to maintain the cells in a steady stage. The cells retain these characteristics as primarily isolated HBMSCs. Moreover, our new formula keeps HBMSCs with high proliferation rate and multiple linage differentiation ability, such as osteoblastogenesis, chondrogenesis, and adipogenesis. It also retains HBMSCs with stable chromosome, DNA, telomere length, and telomerase activity, even after long-term culture. Senescence can be minimized under this new formulation and carcinogenesis of stem cells can also be prevented. These modifications greatly enhance the survival rate, growth rate, and basal characteristics of isolated HBMSCs, which will be very helpful in stem cell research.

When Oxygen Can Be Toxic? A Mini Review

No one within the past later a long time had in intellect that the oxygen we breathe that contributes to sparing the lives of millions of patients and the most component of life has no harmful impacts on the body. Oxygen and water are the soul of living beings in common but beneath certain conditions such as weak immune status and lack of the body's ability to excrete natural antioxidants happens that the oxygen atom responds as a receptor for electrons, since its structure within the case of electronic soundness has two electrons that are not bound and as a result of progressive responses that create a few intermediate compounds. (Such as hydroxyl radical (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (•O-2) that are hurtful to human’ organs and influence the extraordinary degree of cell division process and the physiological activities that it performs since it could be a capable oxidizer. These reactive atoms and free radicals inferred from atomic oxygen are called Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). In spite of the fact that ROS play a key part as a flag-bearer in ordinary cell flag transduction and cell cycling, they have long been known to be a component of the immune reaction of safe cells to microbial invasion. ROS are created as byproducts during the mitochondrial electron transport of aerobic respiration or by oxido/reductase proteins and metal-catalyzed oxidation. The primary step in ROS generation is the reduction of atomic oxygen (O2) to anion superoxide (•O-2), is the antecedent of other responsive species. For this reason, the significance of normal cancer prevention agents has gotten to be vital to urge freed of the poisonous quality of ROS and particular antioxidant supplement ought to be given to improve the diet. Among the well-known antioxidants and cancer prevention agents are glutathione, vitamins C and D as well as enzymes such as, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase which contribute successfully to the disposal of these oxidizing substances.