Territorial administration of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the management of the natural resources of the grand-ducal domain in the 15th and 16th centuries (formation and function)

The administrative structure and territorial judiciary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) underwent significant changes at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries. The establishment of a group of administrative and judicial officials allegiant to the ruler of the GDL became a priority during the reign of Grand Duke Vytautas. These processes led to the emergence of a new class of new civil officers whose competencies were incorporated into the existing administrative system of the GDL. The 16th century marked a new period of changes which were further accelerated under the reign of the last Jagiellonian monarchs. During that time, a new model was proposed for exploiting, controlling and protecting natural resources of the GDL. The departure from traditional forms of management required time and the rulers’ willingness to accept the idiosyncrasies of Lithuanian territorial administration. The exploitation of forests and water resources for the benefit of Grand Duke and the colonization of Lithuanian forests were supervised by territorial administration officials. The starost enjoyed considerable authority, and he supervised key masters (klucznik), forest rangers (hajewnik) (who supervised the production and distribution of honey and wax), beaver masters (bobrowniczy) and fishing masters (niewodniczy) who managed fishing operations in grand-ducal waters. Foresters (leśniczy) became independent from the starosts. They were responsible for organizing hunting and forestry services involving battue masters (osocznik) and shooters. Foresters also supervised forest management. In the 16th century, grand ducal auditors were appointed to supervise and control the territorial administration and management of grand ducal estates.

ASSESSMENT OF ROLES OF TREES TO RURAL LIVELIHOOD IN BUNZA LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KEBBI STATE

The importance of tree to people and the environment was the aim of this paper. The Research was carried out at Bakura Local Area of Kebbi State. Questionnaire was used to get feedback from the farmers. The results that show the socio-economic status reveal that most of the dwellers in the local government use trees for shelter, food, medicinal, fodder, and fuel wood. Majority of the respondents (57.1%) in the area reported that they were married, (24.3%) were single, divorce (16.8%) while widows have (1.5%). This indicated that majority of the respondents have family responsibilities to cater for which affecttheir farming activities. Majority of students were male and only few were female, adults dominate the study area. On the education level, it was reported that primary education recorded (30%) of the respondents in the study followed by tertiary education (27.1%), secondary education had (11.5%) while quranic education had (15.9%). It is recommended that farmers should practice agro-forestry services, because of its dual benefits that people got from it and it also leads to successful recycling of nutrients and soil protection as well as improving their livelihood and agricultural production. Government should provide alternative source of living in the area so as to reduce the pressure on forest trees.

Peran Pemerintah Desa Poto Tano Terhadap Pengembangan Objek Wisata Pulau Kenawa Dalam Membangun Ekonomi Masyarakat

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran pemerintah desa poto tano terhadap pengembangan Objek wisata pulau kenawa dalam membangun ekonomi masyarakat. Dalam penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriftif. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini ada dua yaitu menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah dengan menggunakan metode wawancara, observasi, angket, dokumentasi, dan library research. Hasil penelitian peran pemerintah Desa Poto Tano terhadap pengembangan objek wisata pulau kenawa dalam membangun ekonomi masyarakat. Bekerjasama dengan dinas kebudayaan dan pariwisata sumbawa barat dan instansi lain dalam mengadakan event acara Wild West Sumbawa Cruise untuk mempromosikan pulau kenawa. Meningkatnya taraf ekonomi masyarakat Desa Poto Tano menjadi lebih baik dan mampu menciptakan lapangan kerja baru. Faktor penghambat menurut pemerintah karena belum adanya ijin dari kementerian lingkugan hidup dan kehutanan melalui dinas lingkungan hidup dan kehutanan kabupaten sumbawa barat. Belum lengkapnya sarana dan prasarana penunjang pariwisata bagi wisatawan. Faktor pendukungnya adanya kesadaran dari masyarakat desa poto tano untuk mengelola dan menjaga pulau kenawa sebagai aset yang menguntungkan di wilayah mereka. Abstract This study aims to determine the role of the village of Poto Tano government towards the development of Kenawa Island attractions in developing the community's economy. In this study the method used is qualitative descriptive. There are two sources of data in this study, namely using primary data and secular. The data collection technique used is using the method of interview, observation, questionnaire, documentation, and researc library. The results of the research are the role of the village of Poto Tano on the development of Kenawa Island tourism objects in developing the community's economy. Collaborate with the Sumbawa West Culture and Tourism Office and agencies to hold the Wild West Sumbawa Cruise event to promote the island of Kenawa. Increasing the economic level of the people of Poto Tano village has become better and able to create new jobs. The inhibiting factor according to the government is because there is no permit from the environment and forestry ministry through the environmental and forestry services of Sumbawa Barat District. The incomplete facilities and infrastructure supporting tourism for tourists. The supporting factor is the awareness of the people of Poto Tano village to manage and maintain the island of Kenawa as a profitable asset in their area.

Data envelopment analysis models for the assessment of efficiency of sustainable forest management in Poland

The aim of the presented research was to analyse the efficiency of forest management as an approach to promote sustainable multifunctional forestry. A total of 17 Regional Directorates of State Forests (RDSFs) in Poland were studied with the use of data envelopment analysis (DEA). This method has been proposed and tested using criteria and indicators (C&Is) as inputs and outputs of the created models. The research process was divided into two stages: first, we analysed the efficiency of simple DEA models and models with additional variables, which allowed us to determine the major models providing the best combination of efficiency evaluation criteria. Second, we used these models to assess the efficiency of sustainable management of forests by RDSFs. According to our results, RDSFs were found to be highly efficient in converting resources into production and nonmarket results. Nevertheless, the implementation of sustainable development principles requires further actions, in order to fulfil all ecological, economic, and social functions in a more effective way. They are connected with the necessity to increase the areas of both protective forests and promotional forest complexes. Thus, the results of this study might be a valuable source of information for the planning process of forestry services at the strategic and operational levels.

Sistem Informasi Pengadaan Peralatan dan Perlengkapan Kantor pada Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi Riau Berbasis Web

In the development of increasingly advanced and sophisticated technology, tools are needed that help facilitate a job, one of which is a computer. Computers are the main choice in the progress of agencies in general because an agency aims to maximize agencies can grow and develop as expected. Designing Procurement Information Systems for Web-Based Office Equipment and Supplies is to provide complete information about Procurement of Office Equipment, Procurement Information Systems Equipment and Office Supplies at Riau Province Forestry Services Using PHP and MySQL database is a software that can be used to process equipment data office where transaction reports for ATK request transactions, ATK stock reduction can be known every day automatically if all transactions have been sent to the system. Thus work from the Finance and Equipment Section can be helped and will make time effective

Genetic diversity and differentiation of invasive <i>Acacia longifolia</i> in Portugal

Acacia longifolia is an aggressive invader worldwide. This species was brought to Portugal by the forestry services and is now found throughout the country with very strong ecological and social impacts. Although several ecological and physiological studies have been carried out, molecular studies in this species are sparse. Particularly, genetic variability evaluation in invasive ranges clearly deserves more attention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and the genetic differentiation among populations of the alien invasive A. longifolia under different Mediterranean conditions. For that we studied three sandy dune populations along the Portuguese coast: Osso da Baleia (mesomediterranean), Pinheiro da Cruz and Vila Nova de Milfontes (termomediterranean). All sampled acacia plants were located underneath a pine forest, with the exception of the latter case study, where we also sampled in a diversified habitat conditions associated with the margins of agriculture fields. According to the historical records, it was also possible to compare acacia samples from original plantations and recently invaded areas. We have used two molecular markers – inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and microsatellites (SSR). ISSR analysis showed that A. longifolia populations at all sampled locations have similar levels of diversity and a relatively low differentiation (ΦPT=0.135). However, samples tended to cluster according to the regional (macro-scale) collection site. Microsatellites confirmed this low differentiation pattern. Our results indicate that differences in phenology and reproductive success observed during a previous study cannot be accounted for by genetic diversity and differentiation alone. Furthermore, our results taken together with historical information of A. longifolia suggest a single original introduction and a subsequent acclimation process.

INPUT OF COMMUNAL FORESTS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL POPULATION: STUDY CASE OF NORTHERN PORTUGAL AND GALICIA

Communal forests occupy one million hectares in the Northern of Portugal and Galicia. Since centuries ago, “Baldios” and “Montes Veciñais en Man Común” (MVMC) played an essential function in the economy of their owner communities. This role was lost all through the last century due to the enormous afforestation and the decrease of agriculture. The restitution of democratic regimes returned the communal forests tenure to the communities. Given the extension and high average area, our paper aims to research its potentialities and limitations of contribution to rural development. Two case studies, one in North Portugal and another one in Galicia, allow identifying the individual and collective traditional uses and the achievements made with revenues linked. Both Galician and Portuguese realities exhibit similarities and complementary benefits, and needing social and economic innovation to make a better use of rural resilience. Communal lands and small-scale business projects could maintain the network of local produce markets with attractive aesthetic values as well as biodiversity conservation. The comparison of the different criteria shows economic aspects are the most valorised by the stakeholders. The management decision of collective forests was the alternative mixed by the communities and the Forestry Services as the best one to complete the main objective of sustainable rural development. As a final conclusion of our work, remarking that the communities owning these forests currently seem to have the conditions to successfully manage their properties if the commoners are able to mobilize and adequate organize the communities.

The Role of Public Relations in the Delivery of Forestry Services in Ghana

Public Relations (PR) is a natural, vital as well as persistent component of human social relationship. It may involve a campaign designed to develop goodwill for an individual or an organisation. There are, however, few researches relating to public relations and delivery of forestry services. The aim of this study was to examine the role public relations play in the delivery of forestry services with Ghana as case study. In order to obtain the relevant information for this research, an interview schedule was developed and used to gather information from regional heads and a set of questionnaire administered to the rest of the participants through random sampling. The research further affirmed that PR increases consumer awareness and identified radio and television to be the commonest PR tools used by the Ghana Forestry Commission (GFC). The study concluded that PR to a greater extent is the foundation of an organisation and its activities influence the execution and delivery of services. GFC is, however, urged to explore other inexpensive yet effective PR tools and strategies in order to broaden their reach.