Fuel Management and Control in a Vehicular System

This project simulates a working model of a vehicular system which gives a good tradeoff between power, economy and emissions. The optimum air-fuel ratio for this system to be designed is 14.6. The quantity of oxygen content in the exhaust gas(EGO) is obtained with the help of a sensor. The output from this sensor is a sign of air fuel ratio and it gives the necessary feedback for closed loop control. When high oxygen level is shown by the sensor, then as per the control law, the fuel rate will be increased. Subsequently if the sensor indicates a fuel rich mixture, when the level of residual oxygen is very low, then this leads to reduction in fuel rate.

PUSAT TERAPI OKSIGEN DENGAN PENERAPAN KONSEP GREEN BUILDING DI PULAU GILI IYANG MADURA

<p><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong><em>Gili Iyang Island has high oxygen level potential which is more than 20% with lower pollution percentage compared to other regions in Indonesia. The result of oxygen in Gilli Iyang Island was done by LAPAN in 2006 and BBTKL-PP in 2013. It reached 20,9% up to 21,5%. The oxygen level affects Gili Iyang Island becoming tourist destination to take oxygen therapy. However, the activity isn’t supported by adequate facilities, so that an oxygen therapy center is necessary to meet those needs. The design proposal rises a problem is designing a healthy oxygen therapy facility that hold the local natural circumstance. Environmental issues in Gili Iyang Island which is still pure and healthy responded by Green Building concept application in Oxygen Therapy Center. The Oxygen Therapy Center focusing on the application of green building concept to respond the environmental issue of Gili Iyang Island. The Green Building concept based on six criterias in accordance with the Greenship: Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI): appropriate land use, energy efficiency and conservation, water conservation, resource and material cycle, health and comfort in space, and environmental management building. The concept is trying to afford a healthy and nature-synergy building design so than it can support oxygen therapy process and energy-saving building. The main design concepts are site cultivation, mass system, shape and appearance of the building, material selection, exterior of the building, also building utilities.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Gili Iyang Island, Oxygen Therapy, Green Building Concept, Greenship: Green Building Council Indonesia (GBCI)</em></p>

Effect of hyperoxic and hyperbaric conditions on the adenosinergic pathway and CD26 expression in rat

The nucleoside adenosine acts on the nervous and cardiovascular systems via the A2A receptor (A2AR). In response to oxygen level in tissues, adenosine plasma concentration is regulated in particular via its synthesis by CD73 and via its degradation by adenosine deaminase (ADA). The cell-surface endopeptidase CD26 controls the concentration of vasoactive and antioxidant peptides and hence regulates the oxygen supply to tissues and oxidative stress response. Although overexpression of adenosine, CD73, ADA, A2AR, and CD26 in response to hypoxia is well documented, the effects of hyperoxic and hyperbaric conditions on these elements deserve further consideration. Rats and a murine Chem-3 cell line that expresses A2AR were exposed to 0.21 bar O2, 0.79 bar N2 (terrestrial conditions; normoxia); 1 bar O2 (hyperoxia); 2 bar O2 (hyperbaric hyperoxia); 0.21 bar O2, 1.79 bar N2 (hyperbaria). Adenosine plasma concentration, CD73, ADA, A2AR expression, and CD26 activity were addressed in vivo, and cAMP production was addressed in cellulo. For in vivo conditions, 1) hyperoxia decreased adenosine plasma level and T cell surface CD26 activity, whereas it increased CD73 expression and ADA level; 2) hyperbaric hyperoxia tended to amplify the trend; and 3) hyperbaria alone lacked significant influence on these parameters. In the brain and in cellulo, 1) hyperoxia decreased A2AR expression; 2) hyperbaric hyperoxia amplified the trend; and 3) hyperbaria alone exhibited the strongest effect. We found a similar pattern regarding both A2AR mRNA synthesis in the brain and cAMP production in Chem-3 cells. Thus a high oxygen level tended to downregulate the adenosinergic pathway and CD26 activity. Hyperbaria alone affected only A2AR expression and cAMP production. We discuss how such mechanisms triggered by hyperoxygenation can limit, through vasoconstriction, the oxygen supply to tissues and the production of reactive oxygen species.

Effects of oxygen concentration on in vitro maturation of canine oocytes in a chemically defined serum-free medium

Canine oocytes require an extended period of culture (72 h) in vitro for nuclear maturation to the metaphase II stage, which also results in high degeneration. Canine cumulus oocyte complexes were isolated by slicing from ovaries collected after ovariohysterectomy and cultured in serum-free synthetic oviductal fluid incubated at low (5%) or high (20%) oxygen levels. Changes in oocyte nuclear maturation rates, H2O2 levels within the oocytes and mRNAs of reactive oxygen species inhibitory genes superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 (SOD1 and 2), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX1), and catalase (CAT) were quantified. Higher meiotic resumption from germinal vesicle breakdown up to MII was observed in low O2 (41.8±13.1%) compared to high O2 (15.8±8.2%) (P=0.014) after 52 h of culture (n=112). Extension of the culture period up to 84 h at low O2 (n=457 oocytes) produced the highest meiotic resumption at 72 h (64.1±6.0%; P=0.008), compared with 52 h. Oocytes (n=110) cultured in high O2 contained higher levels of peroxidase measured using the 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence assay after 72 h of culture compared with low O2 (P=0.004). High O2-cultured oocytes also showed higher amounts of SOD1, SOD2, GSR, GPX1, and CAT mRNA. Vitamin E in high oxygen level was able to decrease degeneration (P=0.008) but had no improving effect on percentage of oocytes in MII. These results for the first time showed that low oxygen gas composition improves nuclear maturation rates and alleviates the oxidative stress for canine oocytes during in vitro maturation.

Minireview: Putting Physiology Back into Estrogens' Mechanism of Action

After decades of research, the mechanism by which estrogens stimulate the proliferation of epithelial cells in the endometrium and mammary gland, and in the carcinomas that arise in those tissues, is still not understood. Cells do not proliferate in response to 17β-estradiol (E2) alone, and although it is widely recognized that growth factors play a role in E2's proliferative effect, exactly how they are involved is unclear. It has long been known that the proliferation of endometrial epithelial cells is preceded by dramatic increases in blood flow and microvascular permeability, filling the subepithelial stroma with plasma and the proteins it contains, such as IGF-I, which is known to synergize with E2 in the induction of cell proliferation. The hyperpermeability is caused by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is rapidly induced by E2, via the transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and estrogen receptor α, in luminal epithelial cells in vivo. As we recently showed, VEGF is also strongly induced in endometrial cancer cells in vitro when excessive degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, caused by the abnormally high oxygen level to which cultured cells are exposed, is prevented. Putting these facts together, we now propose a new model of E2-induced proliferation in which VEGF-induced vascular hyperpermeability plays an essential role. E2 first induces the expression by endometrial epithelial cells of VEGF, which then acts in a paracrine manner to induce interendothelial cell gaps in subepithelial blood vessels, through which plasma and the proteins therein enter the adjacent stroma. Plasma carries even more E2, which circulates bound to proteins, and IGF-l, which together drive epithelial cells completely through the cell cycle.

High Oxygen Level in a Soaking Treatment Improves Early Root and Shoot Development of Black Willow Cuttings

Black willow (Salix nigra) stem cuttings are commonly used to stabilize eroded streambanks with survival dependent on rapid development of adventitious roots to maintain plant water balance, absorb nutrients, and provide anchorage and support especially during flood and drought events. Soaking cuttings in water prior to planting increases survival and growth rates, but it is not known whether oxygen content in the soaking water affects the rate of early root and shoot initiation and growth. A laboratory experiment tested the hypothesis that cuttings treated with high oxygen (>95% saturation, 8.62 mg O2l–-1) soaking exhibit more rapid initiation and growth of roots and shoots than cuttings treated with low oxygen (<15% saturation, 1.24 mg O2l-1) soaking and control (unsoaked). Root initiation was enhanced in both high and low O2soaking treatments compared to control (100, 93, and 41%, respectively, n = 27). High O2soaking led to greater root length than low O2soaking during the fourth week after planting (26.5 and 12.3 cm on day 22; 27.7 and 19.1 cm on day 27, respectively). Shoot growth was greater in high O2compared to low O2soaking on days 36 and 56 after planting (9.3 and 6.3 cm on day 36, 10.7 and 7.2 cm on day 56, respectively). Shoot and root biomass production was stimulated in both soaking treatments, with 200% more biomass production by day 59 compared to control. Results of this study demonstrated that a high oxygen soaking treatment has potential for improving early root and shoot growth, and survival in willow cuttings planted at riparian restoration sites.