Effects of roof configuration on natural ventilation for an isolated building

Numerical analyses based on CFD steady RANS were conducted to investigate the effects of roof configuration on wind-induced natural ventilation for an isolated roofed building. Gable roof and saltbox roof building models were tested with 15˚, 25˚, 35˚ and 45˚ roof pitch in present study. The flow field information and flow characteristics were obtained from the contours and plots generated by CFD. In accordance to the increment of roof pitch, the turbulence kinetic energy and mean velocity ratio show vigorous response. The flow separated at the windward corner do not reattach onto the roof, thus induced higher velocity gradient and form a large vortex at the roof ridge. The vortices behind then building caused by the flow separation at the roof ridge extend along the mixing layer and spread up to the roof. The pressure differences mainly rely on the roof shapes. Greater pressure differences between the upstream, interior and downstream was observed in saltbox roof cases. This is due to the extended roof height which boosted the impinging effect caused by the incoming wind. Generally, the saltbox roof configuration exhibit better performance than gable roof in terms of the measured parameters.

New data regarding the Kilia fortress

Kilia medieval fortress, now non-existant, consisted of a stone citadel attributed to the Genoese, an outer belt of fortifications, built under Stephen the Great, and an Ottoman bastion fortress, designed and built in the end of the XVIII century. This article examines two documents referring to the Kilia fortress, discovered by the author in the Russian State Military-Historical Archive of Moscow. The first document is an undated plan for a Turkish bastion fortress developed, most likely, by the French engineer François Kauffer. The figure shows the Ottoman-Turkish names of bastions (Agha Bastion, Pasha Bastion, Unique/Unusual Bastion), gates (Stone Gate, Gate with a portcullis, Water Gate, Agha Gate), stone buildings (Sultan Bayezid’s Mosque), etc. The second document, also undated, shows four images of a stone fortress, built by the Moldovans. The iconographic source offers information on the layout of some towers (rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal and complex), the tower’s shape (prismatic with four, six and eight sides; cylindrical; with a rizalit; with an upper console floor, ending in the form of a turret), the shape of the roofs (hipped with four slopes, six and eight slopes, conical, gable roof or gable one with a ridge), the shape of the merlons (simple rectangular, rectangular with a gable ending located longitudinally or transversely), etc.

On the Assessment of Masonry Structures

The conservation of existing masonry buildings has reached a greater attention especially in the Southern Europe, where such structures are widespread, and need a periodic check also because they are the testimony of the history and the architectural progress of these areas. However, the assessment of the earthquake performance level of these structures is rather difficult for many reasons: the lack of information, the high variability of adopted materials and construction techniques, the existence of several interventions occurred during their service life, etc. These circumstances make difficult to define an accurate numerical model of these structures, by which assess their safety level and design possible strengthening and retrofitting. The present research deals with these issues by discussing the non-destructive tests performed on a masonry building in Bari, which in the 1977 was converted in a church and dedicated to San Marco. The San Marco church is an isolated building, whose plan dimensions are 16 m × 23 m, and with a maximum height equal to 10.50m. The church stands in a seismic prone zone and is characterized at the ground level by barrel vaults in some parts and by wooden roofs in the remaining parts, and by a gable roof realized by wood. The experimental investigations are utilized to validate a numerical model of the structure.

PENDEKATAN NEO VERNAKULAR PADA PENGOLAHAN BENTUK ATAP PASAR WISATA KOTA BATU SEBAGAI EFISISENSI PELESTARIAN

<p>Bentuk atap ciri neo-vernakular menjadi karakter utama bangunan di wilayah pulau jawa dan sekitarnya. Bentuk atap merupakan penyesuian dari lingkungan sekitar dan perkembagannya. Perancangan bangunan pasar wisata perlu menampilkan karakter lokal tersebut dengan pendekatan neo-vernakular melalui pengolahan bentuk atapnya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi bentuk atap pada perancangan Pasar Wisata Kota Batu. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode berupa studi literatur serta membuat alternatif desain bentuk atap bangunan dengan prinsip Arsitektur Neo-Vernakular. Hasil eksplorasi ini menghasilkan desain bentuk atap kota batu berdasarkan modifikasi bentuk atap pelana dengan atap silang.</p><p><em>The shape of the neo-vernacular roof is the main character of the building in the area of Java Island and its surroundings. The shape of the roof is an adjustment of the surrounding environment and development. The design of the tourist market building needs to display the local character with a neo-vernacular approach through the processing of the roof shape. This paper aims to explore the shape of the roof in the design of the Batu City Tourism Market. To achieve this goal, this research uses a method in the form of a literature study as well as an alternative design of the building roof shape with the principles of Neo-Vernacular Architecture. The results of this exploration resulted in the design of the shape of the stone city roof based on the modification of the shape of the gable roof with a cross roof.</em><em></em></p>

WHEN THE RISK IS URBAN PLANNING. A CASE STUDY IN EL CABANYAL (SPAIN)

This paper presents the vicissitudes of a residential dwelling built in El Cabanyal in 1923 and how poor urban planning can be a risk. The building corresponds to one of the most common traditional typologies: a terraced house with masonry load bearing brick walls and timber floors, three storeys, a linear staircase attached to the party walls, a courtyard at the rear and a gable roof. In the past, this building, proved to be resilient, overcoming the risk of collapse in some important episodes which affected directly El Cabanyal: the air raid attacks of the Valencian coastline settlements during the Spanish Civil War and the floods occurred in 1949 and in 1957. In 1988, the building was listed in the catalogue of the General Plan with a protection grade 3. The special protection plan (PEPRI 2001) which was supposed to protect and rehabilitate El Cabanyal, projected the extension of Blasco Ibañez Avenue to the sea and consequently, the division of the neighbourhood in two halves, tearing down an important number of houses. Subsequently, the City council began to expropriate buildings facilitating their occupation by squatters. The level of degradation caused by the urban planning is such that this area is known as ‘Ground Zero Area’. At the time of writing this paper, the building appears to be illegally occupied and in a bad state of preservation. After almost a hundred years facing different risks, poor urban planning appears to be the cause of the destruction of this heritage building.

2D-CFD Analyses of Flow Controlling Plates on Gable Roof Geometry Cross-Sections for Light Air to Strong Breeze Wind Speed Classifications-an Unsteady RANS Approach

The flow field analysis has been numerically performed on the effectiveness of a flow control mechanism called the Flow Controlling Plate (FCP) on buildings. For this purpose, the gable roof geometry has been considered as a common urban element in the western residential architecture. As the justification step towards the functionality of the concept of FCPs, the 2D numerical investigation of the flow field under the realistic assumptions of atmospheric boundary layer profiles for the spectrum ranging from the so-called light air to strong breeze wind speed classifications have been performed. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) field calculations have been conveyed as an unsteady case for the flow around a bluff body, using RANS (Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes) averaging methods targeting a solution of Navier-Stokes equations of the fluid flow. The results have proven the hypotheses of the contribution of the FCPs on preventing the flow separation on a partial region of the surface and improving the boundary layer development on the rest of the gable roof facades, which have led to a drastic reduction in the convective heat transfer coefficient as well as the drag force exerted on the roof