Parallel Potentiometric and Capacitive Response in a Water-Gate Thin Film Transistor Biosensor at High Ionic Strength

We show that an SnO2-based water-gate thin film transistor (WGTFT) biosensor responds to a waterborne analyte, the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, by a parallel potentiometric and capacitive mechanism. We draw our conclusion from an analysis of transistor output characteristics, which avoids the known ambiguities of the common analysis based on transfer characteristics. Our findings contrast with reports on organic WGTFT biosensors claiming a purely capacitive response due to screening effects in high ionic strength electrolytes, but are consistent with prior work that clearly shows a potentiometric response even in strong electrolytes. We provide a detailed critique of prior WGTFT analysis and screening reasoning. Empirically, both potentiometric and capacitive responses can be modelled quantitatively by a Langmuir‒Freundlich (LF) law, which is mathematically equivalent to the Hill equation that is frequently used for biosensor response characteristics. However, potentiometric and capacitive model parameters disagree. Instead, the potentiometric response follows the Nikolsky-Eisenman law, treating the analyte ‘RBD spike protein’ as an ion carrying two elementary charges. These insights are uniquely possible thanks to the parallel presence of two response mechanisms, as well as their reliable delineation, as presented here.

New data regarding the Kilia fortress

Kilia medieval fortress, now non-existant, consisted of a stone citadel attributed to the Genoese, an outer belt of fortifications, built under Stephen the Great, and an Ottoman bastion fortress, designed and built in the end of the XVIII century. This article examines two documents referring to the Kilia fortress, discovered by the author in the Russian State Military-Historical Archive of Moscow. The first document is an undated plan for a Turkish bastion fortress developed, most likely, by the French engineer François Kauffer. The figure shows the Ottoman-Turkish names of bastions (Agha Bastion, Pasha Bastion, Unique/Unusual Bastion), gates (Stone Gate, Gate with a portcullis, Water Gate, Agha Gate), stone buildings (Sultan Bayezid’s Mosque), etc. The second document, also undated, shows four images of a stone fortress, built by the Moldovans. The iconographic source offers information on the layout of some towers (rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal and complex), the tower’s shape (prismatic with four, six and eight sides; cylindrical; with a rizalit; with an upper console floor, ending in the form of a turret), the shape of the roofs (hipped with four slopes, six and eight slopes, conical, gable roof or gable one with a ridge), the shape of the merlons (simple rectangular, rectangular with a gable ending located longitudinally or transversely), etc.

Changes in Stream–Aquifer Interactions Due to Gate Opening of the Juksan Weir in Korea

The Juksan weir, installed in the Yeongsan river in South Korea from 2010 to 2012, has secured sustainable water resources and helped control flooding. However, low river flow velocities due to the weir have deteriorated the quality of the river water. For natural river restoration, the water gate was opened in 2017. In this study, the three-dimensional finite difference model Visual MODFLOW was used to analyze the effects of gate opening on stream–aquifer interactions. A conceptual model was developed to simulate the stream–aquifer dynamics caused by the operation of the water gate at the Juksan weir. Groundwater data were also analyzed to determine the impacts of weir operations on groundwater quality. Our results indicate that a lower river level due to the weir opening changed the groundwater flow, which then affected the water balance. The change in groundwater flow increased the variability of the groundwater quality which had homogenized because of induced recharge after the construction of the weir. This could affect groundwater use in agricultural areas near the weir. Therefore, further groundwater monitoring and hydrodynamic analyses are required to anticipate and address any potential issues.

Desain Pintu Air Berbantu Komputer Untuk Saluran Irigasi Tersier di Daerah Irigasi Cikarawang Bogor

Irrigation water gate was one of the supporting components of agricultural activities, especially the management of rice fields, because it was utilized in the management of water flow. The implementation of water gate has a complex and interdependent set of tasks. So that was the problem which can made undesired effects. So that, the planning can be shorted by computer design . Besides, the changes in a design could be overcome quickly and precisely. The purpose of this research is to the effective rainfall, evapotranspiration, discharge of irrigation water needs in the Cikarawang irrigation area, produce a design of computer-aided water gate, and know RAB for the construction of the water gate. The study was conducted from April to July 2020. The place to do the research was Cikarawang Village, Bogor Regency, West Java. The results of the study were the design of water gate by using data plotting with computer-aided script files (SCR). The effective rainfall of 1806.3 mm, the highest evapotranspiration of 5.5 mm/day and the lowest evapotranspiration of plants at 4 mm/day, the highest irrigation water demand was 2.18 lt/dt/ha, The dimensions of 0.5 x 0.75 x 0.012 m, and water gate opening 0.27 m. These water gate openings were used when the plant's water requirements are highest. The cost of making water gate made from fiberglass is Rp. 838.000,-while for steel costs Rp. 3.500.000,-.

PUSH NOTIFICATION MONITORING SISTEM PINTU AIR BERBASIS ANDROID MENGGUNAKAN FIREBASE CLOUD MESSAGING

Flood disaster is very common, especially in Jakarta City. One way to control water debit is to create a dam or reservoir. In each reservoir there is a water gate which serves to dispose of unwanted water gradually or continuously according to the water volume present in the dam. The Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) Jakarta City needed a system that can monitor any existing water gates of the reservoir, this is to facilitate water gate inspectors to provide information. By using firebase cloud messaging technology that will be applied in the application of push-based android water doors. The application will provide notification and water gate data in real time, making it easier for users to get data in real time. Firebase Cloud Messaging is a cross platform solution that allows you to send messages reliably at no cost. In addition, the use of API as a processing medium to pull data from the web BPBD, optimize its function to mobile android. BPBD as the agency that tackling the disaster can know the state of the environment quickly and accurately. Applications created not only made for BPBD only but the general public can also to know the condition of the water gate. In addition, there are also ways of handling floods and what to do at each level of water level.For the next, this application can add other technollgy also IoT technology.

OPTIMALISASI PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN DI DANAU GEGAS KABUPATEN MUSI RAWAS SUMATERA SELATAN

Danau Gegas (500 ha) merupakan danau buatan (waduk) dari pembendungan sungai gegas, diresmikan oleh Menteri Pekerjaan Umum pada 1987. Perubahan ekosistem yang mengalir menjadi ekosistem tergenang tentunya akan mempunyai dampak terhadap sumber daya perikanan. Permasalahan utama Danau gegas yaitu yang semula tujuan utama pembuatan danau buatan tersebut untuk keperluan irigasi ternyata tidak dapat berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya, pintu air tidak berfungsi sehingga sirkulasi air tidak berjalan dengan baik menyebabkan kualitas air menjadi jelek. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengoptimalkan peran perikanan di Danau gegas untuk kesejahteraan masyarakat yaitu dengan cara melakukan budidaya ikan yang sesuai dengan daya dukung perairan, penebaran ikan yang sesuai bagi jenis dan jumlah ikan yang ditebar, konservasi sumber daya ikan melalui penetapan suaka perikanan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya dukung perairan untuk budidaya ikan pada keramba jaring apung adalah 20 ton/tahun, untuk jaring sekat 40 ton ikan/tahun, untuk penebaran benih ikan sebanyak 142.440 benih, penentuan suaka perikanan yang tepat adalah di inlet Gegas dan beberapa cekungan.Gegas Lake (500 ha) is an artificial lake (reservoir) from damming the gegas river, inaugurated by the Minister of Public Works in 1987. Changes in lotic ecosystems into lentic ecosystems will have an impact on fisheries resources. The main problem with the Gegas Lake is that it cannot function as an irrigation reservoir due to failure of water gate, so that the circulation of water does not work well causing worst water quality. The research objective is to optimize the fisheries function in Gegas Lake for the welfare of the community. For this reason, it is necessary to do fish culture in accordance with the carrying capacity of the waters and fish stocking and conservation through the establishment of fish reserves. The results showed that the carrying capacity of the waters for fish culture in floating cages and set net was 20 tons/year and 40 tons/year respectively. It was also suggested to conduct restocking as much as 120,000 juveniles. In addition, it was found that inlet and several concave areas were as correct places to conduct conservation activity.

SISTEM PERINGATAN KETINGGIAN AIR DAN KENDALI TEMUKU (PINTU AIR) UNTUK IRIGASI SAWAH

The irrigation system in rainfed lowland is done through a water gate (Temuku). Farmers should always control the height of the water and wetland gates during the dry and rainy seasons. This is due to delays in control which can cause the fields to dry or flooded. In this research, water warning system and Temuku control (water gate) for irrigation of paddy field. This tool can provide water level information and can also close or open the irrigation water gate through an SMS. Components used in the manufacture of water alert warning systems and the control of Temuku (sluice gates) for irrigation rice fields are arduino UNO, ultrasonic sensors, SIM 900 and servo motors. From the results of tests that have been done, it can be concluded that the system of water warning and control of Temuku (sluice gate) for irrigation of paddy field has been able to provide water level information to farmers and also the system has been able to control the irrigation water gate according to the input given by SMS.

Index Model of Polder System Service using General Reduced Gradient

Polders were one of the construction that built to minimize the impact of flood, because polders have pond to create a room for water as one of the method in flood risk management. Polders usually build in low land area where water could not flow by gravity with components inside of it, which are pond, pumps, water gate and trash racks. Many cities in Indonesia has already build polders to manage the flood in an area, such as DKI Jakarta, Semarang, Bandung, East Kalimantan and others. To maintain those polder’s function, need an effort and government’s consistency to regulate activity and maintenance cost of each polder. Guideline to find out the service index of those polder are not yet available. This guideline will become important to make prioritize of managing polders. This research analyze technical and non-technical indicators would give impacts to polder’s function and formulate the service of polder system for assessment purposes. As points of this research, eight polders in DKI Jakarta which have complete components were chosen for modelling. The result of this research are technical component are mostly effected to polder system operating than non- technical component. Its proportion are 53% technical aspect and 47% non-technical aspect.