The self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of Petiveria alliacea extract reduced the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance value, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α level in diabetic rat models

Background and Aim: Metaflammation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis, development, and complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). This inflammation is associated with insulin resistance. Therefore, the inflammatory pathways have been targeted for pharmacological treatment. Petiveria alliacea can decrease blood glucose levels and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities; however, there are still insufficient data regarding its efficacy for the treatment of DM. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of P. alliacea leaf extract on the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA)-insulin resistance (IR) value and interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five diabetic rat models were randomly divided into five groups. The first group received the SNEDDS of P. alliacea leaf extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW), the second group received it at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW, the third group received it at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW, the fourth group received 18 mg of metformin, and the fifth group only received the SNEDDS formula. The treatment was administered once a day, orally, for 14 days. On the 15th day after treatment, the rats were sacrificed to obtain blood samples for cardiac examination. The IL-6, TNF-α, and insulin levels in the serum were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The HOMA-IR value was calculated using a formula. Results: The mean IL-6 and TNF-α levels were low in the group that received the SNEDDS of P. alliacea leaf extract. There was no significant difference in the insulin level in all treatment and control groups. However, a significant difference in the HOMA-IR value was noted between the group that received the SNEDDS of P. alliacea leaf extract and metformin and the group that did not receive treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: The SNEDDS of P. alliacea leaf extract reduced the HOMA-IR value and suppressed the TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the STZ-induced diabetic rat model.

Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Dan Akar Singawalang (Petiveria alliaceae) Terhadap Penghambatan Tirosinase

Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays a role in the formation of skin pigments from a person because it is involved in the process of melanogenesis. Tyrosinase plays a very important role in the skin depigmentation process, there are several attempts to inhibit the skin depigmentation process, one of which is by inhibiting tyrosinase. Research on the leaves and roots of singawalang (Petiveria alliacea) was conducted to determine the potential as a tyrosinase inhibitor. Leaves and root extracts of singawalang were macerated with ethanol, then tested for identification of secondary metabolites. Singawalang leaves extract contains alkaloids, tannins and terpenoids while singawalang root extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and terpenoids. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity used the microplate reader ELISA technique at a wavelength of 492 nm. Tests were carried out on kojic acid as a comparison and L-DOPA as a substrate. The results of the tyrosinase inhibition activity test for the extracts of singawalang leaves, singawalang roots and kojic acid, IC50 were 9.817 mg / mL, 4.987 mg / mL and 0.092 mg / mL, respectively.

PLANTAS MEDICINAIS UTILIZADAS EM RITUAIS DE UMBANDA: ESTUDO DE CASO NO SUL DO BRASIL

A utilização de plantas para fins medicinais é uma prática milenar em todo mundo. No Brasil, o uso de plantas medicinais em rituais nasceu da miscigenação entre os indígenas, africanos, europeus e seus descendentes, que expandiram para a Umbanda. A Umbanda surgiu no Brasil como uma religião única, com influência africana, cristã, espírita e indígena. A utilização dos vegetais nos rituais de Umbanda é diversificada e complexa, ligada diretamente ao conjunto de divindades cultuadas na região, portanto as espécies utilizadas variam muito entre os terreiros. Neste sentido, este estudo pretendeu registrar as plantas medicinais utilizadas em rituais do Centro Umbandista Pai Tomé e Cabocla Indaiá da Cachoeira (CEUPTCIC), no município de Cocal do Sul, sul de Santa Catarina, Brasil. O levantamento botânico foi feito por meio de entrevista com a dirigente espiritual da casa, que detém maior conhecimento sobre plantas medicinais em seus rituais. Um espécime de cada planta indicada foi coletado para identificação e registro do estudo. Os dados obtidos na entrevista foram comparados com estudos etnobotânicos publicados em diferentes regiões do Brasil. Foram mencionadas pela entrevistada seis espécies vegetais (Lavandula dentata L., Mentha rotundifolia L., Petiveria alliacea L., Rosa alba L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. e Ruta graveolens L.) para fins terapêuticos e, destas, quatro são aplicadas em seus rituais. P. alliacea e R. graveolens foram as espécies mais utilizadas em rituais afro-brasileiros em diferentes regiões do Brasil, presentes em sete estudos de dez consultados. Embora encontrado referências que respaldam a utilização das espécies no Centro Umbandista, ficou clara a necessidade de maior investigação quanto às patologias dessas espécies indicadas pela entrevistada e não encontradas na literatura.

Response of Laying Hens to Aqueous Extracts of Petiveria alliacea Root and Leaf

This study investigated the response of laying hens to aqueous extracts of Petiveria alliacea root and leaf. A total of 288 eighteen-week-old Isa brown pullets were used for the 25-week study. The pullets were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial experimental layout in a completely randomized design. The pullets were distributed into two groups administered root extract or leaf extract. Pullets in each group were allotted to four subgroups administered aqueous extracts of Petiveria alliacea at 15, 30 and 45 g l–1 concentration levels making eight treatments in total. Each treatment was replicated three times with twelve pullets per replicate. Eimeria oocyst counts and intestinal bacteria counts were lower (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0028, respectively) in hens administered 15, 30 and 45 g l–1 of Petiveria alliacea extracts than the control. The highest (P < 0.0001) antibody titre against Newcastle disease vaccine was recorded in hens administered 30 and 45 g l–1 concentrations of root (9.06 and 9.10 log2, respectively) and leaf (9.08 and 9.18 log2, respectively) extracts. The liver sections of hens in all treatments appeared normal. In conclusion, aqueous extract of Petiveria alliacea root and leaf at 30 and 45 g l–1 concentrations performed best as antimicrobial and immune stimulating agent without impairing liver health.

Efficacy of Petiveria Alliacea (Linneaus) leaf and root bark powder in the control of filariasis vector Culex Quinquefasciatus

Background Mosquitoes are vectors of parasitic diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, yellow fever, and dengue fever among others. They are well known as public enemies for their noise nuisance, biting annoyance, sleeplessness, allergic reactions, and diseases transmission during the biting and feeding activities. This then necessitate the search for insecticides of plant origin which are bio-degradable, non-toxic, and readily available for man use. Result This study, evaluated the fumigant efficacy of the powder of P. alliacea to control the adult stage of Culex mosquito. Powder of Petiveria alliacea were administered at different dose of (1 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g, and 5 g), respectively. Result obtained shows the fumigant effect of the powder were effective with percentage mortality of 18.33–60.00% for the leaf powder and 23.30–71.60% for the root powder within 2 h post-treatment period (P < 0.05). The synergistic effect of the leaf and root powder was also investigated. The lethal dosage (LD50) of the leaf, root, and synergistic effect of leaf and root bark powder required to kill 50% of the adult Culex quinquefasciatus was 3.76 g, 2.86 g, and 2.63 g, respectively. However, 25.06 g, 15.25 g, and 12.94 g of the leaf, root, and leaf and root powder were required to kill 90% (LD90) after a 2-h exposure period. Conclusion These finding suggested P. alliacea powder could be a good source of insecticide which may be used for the production of biopesticides. The present findings have important implications in the practical control of adult mosquito by using botanical insecticides. These plant powders are easy to prepare, inexpensive, and safe for use in mosquito control.

Evaluación estructural y funcional de los sistemas productivos urbanos en la ciudad de Quibdó, Chocó, Colombia

La mayor parte de la agricultura urbana permanece todavía en gran medida inexplorada y sin recibir reconocimiento y apoyo por parte de las entidades gubernamentales. Con el objetivo de caracterizar de manera estructural y funcional los sistemas productivos urbanos en Quibdó, Colombia, se analizó la vegetación por hábito de crecimiento y se hizo un diagnóstico rural rápido (DRR) sobre la utilización de las especies. El diagnóstico incluyó nivel de utilización de especies, importancia biofísica y demanda comercial. Los resultados indican que los habitantes de Quibdó utilizan como espacios para desarrollar la agricultura urbana el huerto casero mixto, la azotea, cultivo en materas y cría de animales. Se encontraron 58 especies incluidas en 51 géneros y 41 familias botánicas, distribuidas en el huerto en tres estratos: arbóreo, arbustivo y herbáceo. En el estrato arbóreo, Inga edulis, Bactris gasipaes y Zisigyum malacensis presentaron mayor CIE; en arbustivo, las representativas fueron, Musa spp, Carica papaya y Citrus lemon; en herbáceo, Ocimum sp, Eringyum foetidum y Petiveria alliacea. La importancia de estas especies, radica en su utilización en alimentación y medicina tradicional. Como conclusión se tiene que los sistemas productivos urbanos en Quibdó se orientan a suplir necesidades alimentarias y medicinales.